Masomphenya a Gahena mu Divine Comedy ya Dante

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, Dante's Divine Comedy yakhala ikudziwika ngati fanizo la ulendo wodutsa gehena padziko lapansi, ndipo zigawo zake zitatu zakhala pafupifupi chizindikiro cha dongosolo laumulungu. Kukongola kwa zolembalemba kunakweza Divine Comedy mpaka paudindo. nkhani yosatha... Poganizira zenizeni za mbiri ya ngwazi zake, ndizosatheka kuwerenga ntchitoyi popanda kufanana ndi dziko lamakono. Ndikuganiza kuti m'badwo uliwonse womwe ukuyesera kulowa mu ndakatuloyi uyenera kukhala ndi malingaliro ofanana. Ndipo ngakhale kuti tasiyanitsidwa ndi chilengedwe cha ntchito kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo dziko lasintha kwambiri, penapake mkati mwanu mumamva kuti mfundo zomwe zimadziwika ndi nthawi yapakati zidakalipo mu nthawi yathu. Ngati Dante adalowa mwadzidzidzi m'zaka za zana la XNUMX atachoka kumoyo wamtsogolo, akadapeza anthu ofanana ndi omwe adakumana nawo ku Gahena. Mfundo yakuti chitukuko chamakono n’chosiyana kotheratu ndi chimene wolemba ndakatuloyo ankachidziwa sikutanthauza kuti anthu nawonso akhala abwinoko. Tikudziwa zambiri, tikukula mwachangu, ndikupanga matekinoloje atsopano ... Ifenso, sitili achilendo ku machimo ang'onoang'ono omwe anthu analapa mu "Divine Comedy".

Action "Divine Comedy"

Zoseketsa zamasewera zimachitika pakati pa moyo wa wolemba... Ulendo wa Dante wopita ku moyo wapambuyo umayamba usiku wa Lachinayi Lachisanu mpaka Lachisanu Lachisanu, Epulo 7, 1300. Gawo lake loyamba ndi "Gehena". Kutsika kwa ngwazi pobisala kumawonedwa ngati kudzipereka, kuyesa umunthu. Dante amapita kudziko lapansi pakampani Virgil - luso lakale. Virgil, mthenga wa Chisomo cha Mulungu, akuwonekera pa nthawi yovuta kwambiri kwa oyendayenda, kumupulumutsa ku imfa yakuthupi ndi yamakhalidwe. Amamupatsa njira ina, njira yodutsa kudziko lapansi - ndi iye yekha ngati wotsogolera. Virgil, wakunja wobadwa Kristu asanabadwe, alibe mwayi wopita kumwamba. Sangathenso kuthawa ndi kutuluka mu Preada. Choncho, pa ulendo wake wamtsogolo, amatsagana ndi Dante. Beatrice... Kutambula mazu aatatu aanze aanyika kulakonzya kuyumya moyo wamulumbe wamusyobo ooyu naa kumugwasya kuzubulula ncaakacita Leza kujatikizya buumi bwabantu boonse. Pamapeto pake, Virgil ndi mzimu "wodziwa zonse," Beatrice nayenso ndi mzimu wopulumutsidwa, choncho zonse zidawululidwa kwa iye kudzera mu kulingalira kwa Mulungu. Chifukwa chake, Dante sali yekha paulendowu, adalimbikitsa alangizi ndipo adakumana ndi chisomo chapadera. Zikuoneka ngati chizindikiro chakuti iye anasankhidwa kukhala wotsogolera wauzimu wa dziko lonse pa nthawiyo ndipo mwina kwa mibadwo yonse ya mtsogolo. Chotero, zimene zinam’chitikira pambuyo pa imfa zingaphunzitse anthu mmene angakhalire mwaulemu ndiyeno n’kupita kumwamba.

Nyimbo Zauzimu imakhala ndi magawo atatuakufanana ndi maiko atatu - ali kumeneko Gahena, Puligatoriyo ndi Kumwamba... Chigawo chilichonse chimakhala ndi nyimbo zitatu kuphatikiza nyimbo yoyambira ndakatulo yonse - zana limodzi. Gahena (msewu waukulu pakati pa dziko lapansi) imagawidwa m'magulu khumi a vertebrae ndi atria... Ufumuwo wagawidwa m’magawo ambiri Chiwombolo - phiri lalitali, lalitali pakati pa nyanja ku Southern Hemisphere, ndipo ali pamwamba Paradaiso wapadziko lapansi, ndiko kuti, miyamba khumi (malinga ndi dongosolo la Ptolemy) ndi Empyrum. Ochimwa amayanjana ku gehena kutengera ngati ali ndi mlandu wa kusadziletsa mkodzo, kugwiririra, kapena kubera. Amene alapa mu Purigatoriyo amagaŵana malinga ndi chikondi chawo chiri chabwino kapena choipa. Mizimu ya Paradaiso imagaŵanika kukhala yogwira ntchito ndi yosinkhasinkha, kumadalira ngati kugwirizana kwawo kwapadziko lapansi kunatsekedwa ndi chikondi chawo kwa Mulungu, kapena ngati chikondi chimenechi chinakula m’moyo wokangalika kapena wosinkhasinkha.

Chilichonse chimaganiziridwa molondola kwambiri: m'magawo onse atatu pali mizere yofanana, yomwe imathera ndi mawu akuti "asterisk". Zili ngati nzeru yabwino ya moyo, yomanga dziko pa mfundo zomveka. Nanga n’cifukwa ciani padzikoli pali anthu oipa? Mwachidziwikire, izi ndichifukwa cha umunthu weniweni komanso gawo lapadera la mabungwe awa mumalingaliro achikhristu.

Hell Vision - zozungulira

Perekani chiyembekezo, inu okhazikika [pano].

Gehena imafalikira mobisa. Chipata cholowera komweko, kumbuyo kwake kuli Pre-Gehena, wolekanitsidwa ndi Gahena bwino ndi Mtsinje wa Acheron. Mizimu ya akufa imasamutsidwira tsidya lina ndi Charon. Wolemba ndakatulo amaphatikiza momasuka nkhani za m'Baibulo ndi nthano kuti zikhale zathunthu. Choncho, timapeza ku gehena mitsinje monga Acheron, Styx, Phlegeton ndi Cocytus. Ulamuliro ku gehena ukugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Minos, Charon, Cerberus, Pluto, Flagia, Fury, Medusa, Minotaur, Centaurs, Harpies ndi zilombo zina za m'Baibulo, komanso Lusifara ndi khamu lonse la ziwanda, agalu, njoka, zinjoka, etc. Gahena palokha imagawika kumtunda ndi kumunsi kwa gehena.... Amagawidwanso m'mabwalo (cer chi), asanu ndi limodzi mwa iwo ali ku gehena yapamwamba kwambiri.

Bwalo loyamba

Bwalo loyamba, lotchedwa Limbo, lili ndi miyoyo ya anthu akuluakulu. Popeza sanabatizidwe, sakanapita kumwamba.

Bwalo lachiwiri

Bwalo lachiwiri, lotetezedwa ndi Minos, ndi malo a kulapa kwa iwo omwe sakanatha kuwongolera zachiwerewere.

Mabwalo achitatu, achinayi ndi achisanu

Mu bwalo lachitatu Dante anaika ochimwa olakwa ndi kususuka, mu chachinayi - miser ndi ogulitsa, ndipo wachisanu - mosadziletsa mu mkwiyo.

Bwalo lachisanu ndi chimodzi

Bwalo lachisanu ndi chimodzi likufotokozedwa ngati mzinda. Uwu ndi mzinda wa satana, khomo lomwe limatetezedwa ndi ziwanda zoyipa kwambiri, zomwe ngakhale Virgil alibe mphamvu. M’chizungulire chachisanu ndi chimodzi, miyoyo ya ampatuko ikulapa.

Bwalo lachisanu ndi chiwiri ndikutsegula kwa Gahena wakumunsi.

Bwalo lachisanu ndi chiwiri limatsegula Gahena Lapansi ndipo lagawidwa m'madera atatu (gironi). Awa ndi malo akuzunzika kosatha kwa omwe adadzipha ndikuphwanya malamulo achilengedwe. Pali akupha, odzipha, amwano ndi olanda ndalama pano, motsogozedwa ndi Minotaur mwiniwake.

Bwalo lachisanu ndi chitatu

Bwalo lachisanu ndi chitatu lagawidwa mu bolgis khumi. Awa ndi malo achilango chamuyaya kwa iwo omwe mwanjira ina iliyonse adazunza kudalira kwa anthu ena: ma pimps, seductresses, osyasyalika, olosera, achinyengo, achinyengo, akuba, alangizi onyenga, schismatics, olimbikitsa, oukira, ndi zina zotero.

Bwalo lachisanu ndi chinayi

Bwalo lachisanu ndi chinayi ndi malo amene ochimwa aakulu amazunzidwa, awa ndi malo akutali kwambiri, pakati pa gehena. Ndi m'bwaloli m'mene akupha, achiwembu adziko lawo, abwenzi ndi abale amakhala. Iyi ndi miyoyo ya anthu amene apereka ena moyo wawo wonse kuti apindule nawo.

Gahena ndi ufumu wamdima ndi wokhumudwa, kumene kulira, kutemberera, kudana ndi kunyenga. Ndondomeko ya chilango imasinthidwa ndi mtundu wa machimo. Pali mdima wokhazikika, nthawi zina wosokonezedwa ndi malawi, omwe ndi chida cha chilango. Mvula yamkuntho, mvula, mphepo, nyanja zimasiyanitsa mpweya wa malowa. Connoisseurs za zilandiridwenso za Dante m'madera onse a "Divine Comedy" amatsutsa kwambiri Italy ndi anthu a nthawi imeneyo. Chiweruzo cha Dante pa anthu a m’nthawi yake n’chankhanza koma chopanda tsankho. Masomphenya a kusayeruzika kodzetsa kuwonongeka kwa anthu amawonekeranso m’gehena. Kunyansidwa ndi masiku ano mwachibadwa kumapangitsa wolemba ndakatulo kusilira zakale. Choncho, kuchokera ku mizimu yaikulu imene ili m’khonde la gehena, imene inalandira chisomo cha Mulungu kupyolera mu makhalidwe awo achibadwa, timafika kwa oyera mtima amene achitira dziko lapansi zabwino zambiri. Choncho, ngati Dante anagwiritsa ntchito maphunziro a gehena, akhoza kukhala mtsogoleri wabwino ndi wolungama, wolamulira, mtsogoleri, ndi zina zotero, kukopa anthu ndi kumasula zabwino mwa iwo.

Makhalidwe a Comedy Amulungu

Gwero lofunikira lamphamvu mu The Divine Comedy ndi anthu omwe amadziwika ndi wolemba kuyambira mbiri yakale ndi yamakono, ndipo Dante mwiniwake ndi munthu wamoyo amene amawalowetsa kuti abweretse kukumbukira. Moyo wa wolemba ndakatulo ukakumana ndi mizimu ina, malingaliro amapangidwa. M'mawu a ndakatulo, malingaliro otsutsana amamveka: chifundo, chikondi, chikondi kwa ambuye, chifundo, kunyozedwa. Kukhalapo kwa munthu wamoyo pakati pa miyoyo yotembereredwa kumawapangitsa kuiwala za kuzunzika kwa kamphindi ndikusamutsidwa kudziko la zikumbukiro. Monga ngati akubwerera ku zilakolako zakale. Si mizimu yonse imene inkasonyezedwa kuti ndi ochimwa ankhanza. Ambiri aiwo amakhalabe ndi malingaliro ambiri. Palinso zochitika zovuta. Wolemba ndakatulo yemwe akukhudzidwa ndi zonsezi, nayenso wakhudzidwa.

Tili ndi ngongole ya kudzoza kumeneku ku gehena ku mndandanda wa zigawo (Francesca, Farinata, Pierre della Vigna, Ulysses, Count Ugolino ndi ena) ndi mphamvu zowonetseratu zomwe sizipezeka muzithunzi zochokera ku Purigatoriyo kapena Paradaiso. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu omwe amaiwala za kuzunzika kwawo atakumana ndi wolemba ndakatulo ndi ofanana ndi zochitika za gawo la psychotherapy. Nanga bwanji Dante sakanatha kukhala katswiri wa zamaganizo, psychiatrist, therapist, doctor, etc.?

Ku gahena, wolemba ndakatuloyo adaperekanso thupi lolemekezeka ndi lolemekezeka, lotsekedwa mwachete ndi kukhazikika. Kuzama ndi mtendere zinatsagana ndi wapaulendo kupyola mu bwalo loyamba la gehena. Panali Homer, Horace, Ovid, Lucan, Caesar, Hector, Aeneas, Aristotle, Socrates ndi Plato. Khamu limeneli linapatsa wolemba ndakatuloyu ulemu wokhala m’gulu la “amphamvu a m’dziko lino”. Mutu woperekedwa ndi anzeru a dziko la nthawi imeneyo ndi mtundu wa ennobling ndi kudzoza kwa moyo kulenga, kudziwa zinsinsi za dziko, kukumana ndi anthu ndi kulenga ntchito zazikulu kwa mbadwa.

Mu Nyimbo ya Gahena lachisanu, wolemba akudziwitsa owerenga gawo lachiwiri la phompho la gehena, kumene miyoyo imazunzika chifukwa cha machimo omwe mwadziwa komanso mwaufulu. Khamu losatha la mizukwa likuyenderera kwa wolemba ndakatulo, kukuwa ndi kulira kwa otembereredwa kumamveka mozungulira. Osauka amaponyedwa mmwamba ndi mphepo yamkuntho yopanda chifundo, kusonyeza zilakolako zomwe zimazunza anthu. Wothandizira Dante, Franz de Rimini, akutuluka m'gulu la anthu ndipo akufotokoza nkhani yapadera yomwe inachitika pa nkhondo za fratricidal. Wolemba ndakatuloyo adaphunzira nkhani yodabwitsa ya okonda ankhanza m'zaka zomaliza za moyo wake ndi Guidon Novel, omwe azakhali awo anali Francisca. Francisca adabadwa chapakati pazaka za zana la XNUMX. Anakwatiwa pazifukwa zandale (kuletsa nkhondo yabanja) kwa wolamulira woyipa komanso wolumala wa Rimini, Gianciotta Malatesta. Komabe, anayamba kukonda kwambiri Paola, mng’ono wake wa mwamuna wake, yemwe anali atakwatiwa kale ndipo anali ndi ana aŵiri. Tsiku lina mwamuna wa Francisca anawagwira mwachinyengo ndipo anawapha onse mopenga. Izi zinayambitsa chipongwe ku Rimini. Kufotokozedwa kwa nkhaniyi yowona mu ntchito ya Dante kumatsagana ndi kusinkhasinkha za ziweruzo zamuyaya za Mulungu. Msonkhano wapakati pa Francesco ndi Paolo uli ndi zinthu zochititsa chidwi. Iyi ndi nthawi yokhayo pamene wolemba ndakatulo kugahena anakomoka ndendende chifukwa chokumana ndi masautso achikondi a Francisco ndi Paolo. Kuzindikira kwapadera kumeneku kwa Dante kumamuyika pagulu la anthu anzeru, owerengera, achifundo komanso okoma mtima. Choncho, palibe chomwe chimamulepheretsa kukhala mtsogoleri wauzimu wa chipembedzo chilichonse, bungwe, bungwe la malamulo, mkhalapakati, mphunzitsi, ndi zina zotero.

Zokumana nazo za ku gehena ndizokhudza mtima kwambiri kotero kuti zitha kugawidwa ndi anthu ambiri. Wolemba ndakatulo mmodzi yekha sangapindule nawo mokwanira. Komabe, ngati iye anali ndi mikhalidwe ya mtsogoleri wabwino ndi wolinganiza zinthu, zochita zake zikanathandiza kuchepetsa chiŵerengero cha ochimwa, akupha, opondereza, ogwirira chigololo, olanda, ndi ena otero. Mwinamwake dziko la m’zaka zapakati panthaŵi yapakati silikanakhala lachisoni chotero.