Mbiri yakale yamakhadi

Ambiri amavomereza kuti kusewera makhadi anali opangidwa ku China pa nthawi ya Mzera wa Tang (c. 618-906). Princess Tongchang amayenera kusewera masewera a masamba, omwe mwina anali mapepala amasewera a dayisi, mosiyana ndi masewera a makadi amasiku ano. Kale mu 821-824, mfumu yolamulira Muzong inali kupita phatikizani makhadi ndikusewera ... Munthawi ya Mzera wa Nyimbo (960-1279), kupangidwa kwa makadi akusewera kudagwirizana ndi kubwera kwa mapepala, omwe adalowa m'malo mwa mipukutu yayitali yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito kale yomwe inkagawa makadi akusewera m'deralo.

Makhadi a ndalama aku China akale, monga amakono, anali ndi masuti anayi:

ndalama
maunyolo a ndalama (amawoneka ngati ndodo pazithunzi)
zikwizikwi (ndalama kapena zingwe)
makumi khumi (miriyadi ndi ofanana ndi 10).

Mtundu uliwonse uli ndi ideogram ndi nambala yake. Ofufuza ambiri amakhulupirira kuti m’maseŵera akale a ku China, ndalama zamapepala zimene zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito potchova njuga ndi malonda zinkakhala ngati makhadi.

Cha m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, mwambo wosewera makhadi unabwera ku Ulaya, mwinamwake kuchokera ku Egypt kapena Middle East ... Kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 14, mwambo wosewera makhadi unafalikira ku Ulaya konse. Poyamba, mapositikhadi anali okwera mtengo kwambiri chifukwa ankapangidwa ndi kukongoletsedwa ndi manja. Kuchokera cha m'ma 1418, opanga makhadi ku Nuremberg ndi Augustburg anayamba kupanga mapepala oyambirira osindikizidwa.

Makadi athu akale

Ma positikhadi oyambirira mwina anabwera ku dziko lathu kuchokera ku Germany - anaonekera m'mizinda yathu m'zaka za zana la 15, ndipo kupanga zoweta posakhalitsa kunayamba.

Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 18, makhadi amtundu wa Chifalansa (ma spade, mitima, diamondi, makalabu) ndi mayina otengedwa kuchokera kumeneko pang'onopang'ono anayamba kulamulira, pamene makhadi "achikhalidwe" adasiya kutchuka m'zaka zonse za 19th. Pakadali pano, chitsanzo ichi (madekisi 32) amasewera mu skata ku Silesia.

Makhadi achipolishi achipolishi adatengera chitsanzo cha Chijeremani - ndiye kuti, zizindikiro zomwezo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito: vinyo, wofiira, acorn ndi belu. Nambalazo zinalinso zodziwika: