Chiphunzitso cha Subculture - Chiphunzitso cha Subculture

Chiphunzitso cha subcultural chimasonyeza kuti anthu okhala m'matauni amatha kupeza njira zopangira chikhalidwe cha anthu ngakhale kuti pali anthu osagwirizana komanso osadziwika.

Chiphunzitso choyambirira cha subculture chinali ndi akatswiri osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi zomwe zidadziwika kuti Chicago School. Chiphunzitso cha subcultural chinachokera ku ntchito ya Chicago School pa magulu a zigawenga ndipo idapangidwa kudzera mu School of Symbolic Interactionism kukhala ziphunzitso zonena kuti magulu ena kapena miyambo yaying'ono pagulu ili ndi malingaliro ndi malingaliro omwe amalimbikitsa umbanda ndi chiwawa. Ntchito yogwirizana ndi Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies ku yunivesite ya Birmingham (CCCS) yakhala ndi udindo waukulu wogwirizanitsa subculture ndi magulu okhudzana ndi machitidwe owonetsera (teds, mods, punks, zikopa, njinga zamoto, ndi zina zotero).

Chiphunzitso cha Subculture: Chicago School of Sociology

Chiyambi cha chiphunzitso cha chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chinaphatikizapo akatswiri osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi zomwe zinadziwika kuti Chicago School. Ngakhale kutsindika kwa theorists kumasiyanasiyana, sukuluyi imadziwika bwino ndi lingaliro la subcultures monga magulu opotoka omwe kutuluka kwawo kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi "kuyanjana kwa anthu omwe amadziona okha ndi maganizo a ena za iwo." Izi mwina zikufotokozedwa mwachidule m'mawu oyambilira a Albert Cohen ku Delinquent Boys (1955). Kwa Cohen, magulu ang'onoang'ono anali anthu omwe amathetsa zonse zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu popanga zikhalidwe zatsopano zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mikhalidwe yomwe adagawana ikhale yoyenera.

Kupeza udindo m'magulu ang'onoang'ono kunaphatikizapo kulemba zilembo kotero kuti kuchotsedwa m'magulu onse, zomwe gululo lidachita ndi chidani chawo kwa anthu akunja, mpaka pamene kulephera kutsatira miyambo yomwe inalipo nthawi zambiri kumakhala koyenera. Pamene subculture idakhala yokulirapo, yosiyana, komanso yodziyimira pawokha, mamembala ake adayamba kudalirana wina ndi mnzake kuti azilumikizana komanso kutsimikizira zikhulupiriro ndi moyo wawo.

Mitu yakulemba zilembo komanso kusakonda kwachikhalidwe cha anthu "wabwinobwino" ikuwonekeranso mu ntchito ya Howard Becker, yomwe, mwa zina, imadziwika chifukwa chogogomezera malire omwe oimba nyimbo za jazz amakumana nawo pakati pawo ndi zomwe amakonda ngati "zamakono" ndi omvera awo ngati "mabwalo". Lingaliro lakuchulukirachulukira pakati pa subculture ndi anthu ena onse chifukwa cholemba zilembo zakunja lidakulitsidwanso mokhudzana ndi okonda mankhwala osokoneza bongo ku Britain ndi Jock Young (1971) komanso pokhudzana ndi mantha am'ma TV ozungulira ma mods ndi rockers ndi Stan. Cohen. Kwa Cohen, zithunzi zoyipa zamagulu ang'onoang'ono pawailesi yakanema zimalimbitsa zikhalidwe zazikulu ndikupanga mawonekedwe amtsogolo amagulu otere.

Frederick M. Thrasher (1892-1962) anali katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu pa yunivesite ya Chicago.

Anaphunzira mwadongosolo magulu achifwamba, kusanthula zochita ndi khalidwe la achifwamba. Anafotokoza za magulu aupandu potengera njira yomwe amadutsamo kuti apange gulu.

E. Franklin Frazier - (1894-1962), katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu wa ku America, mpando woyamba wa African-American ku yunivesite ya Chicago.

M'magawo oyambilira a Sukulu ya Chicago ndi maphunziro awo azachilengedwe a anthu, chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri chinali lingaliro lakusakhazikika, lomwe lidathandizira kuti pakhale anthu ochepa.

Albert K. Cohen (1918-) - katswiri wodziwika bwino waupandu waku America.

Amadziwika ndi chiphunzitso chake chaching'ono cha zigawenga zamumzinda, kuphatikiza buku lake lodziwika bwino la Delinquent Boys: Chikhalidwe cha Zigawenga. Cohen sanayang'ane zigawenga zomwe zimagwira ntchito pazachuma, koma adayang'ana zaupandu, ndikuganizira zaupandu wamagulu pakati pa achinyamata ogwira ntchito m'malo osanja omwe adapanga chikhalidwe china poyankha kusowa kwawo kwachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ku U.S.

Richard Cloward (1926-2001), American sociologist ndi philanthropist.

Lloyd Olin (1918-2008) anali katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu waku America komanso waupandu yemwe adaphunzitsa ku Harvard Law School, Columbia University, ndi University of Chicago.

Richard Cloward ndi Lloyd Olin anatchula R.K. Merton, kutenga sitepe imodzi mopitilira momwe chikhalidwe cha subculture chinali "chofanana" mu mphamvu zake: chikhalidwe chachigawenga chinali ndi malamulo ndi msinkhu womwewo. Kuyambira tsopano, chinali "Chotheka Chopanda Chovomerezeka", chomwe chili chofanana, komabe ndi polarization yovomerezeka.

Walter Miller, David Matza, Phil Cohen.

Chiphunzitso cha Subculture: University of Birmingham Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS)

Sukulu ya Birmingham, kuchokera ku maganizo a neo-Marxist, inawona kuti timagulu tating'ono tating'ono si nkhani zosiyana za udindo, koma monga chiwonetsero cha mkhalidwe wa achinyamata, makamaka ochokera m'magulu ogwira ntchito, mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Great Britain mu 1960s. ndi 1970s. Akuti magulu ochititsa chidwi a achinyamata adagwira ntchito kuti athetse kusamvana pakati pa achinyamata ogwira ntchito pakati pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ogwira ntchito "chikhalidwe cha makolo" ndi chikhalidwe chamakono chogwiritsa ntchito anthu ambiri cholamulidwa ndi ma TV ndi malonda.

Otsutsa a Chicago School ndi Birmingham School of Subculture Theory

Pali zotsutsa zambiri zodziwika bwino za Chicago School ndi Birmingham School njira zofikira chiphunzitso cha subculture. Choyamba, kudzera m'malingaliro awo ogogomezera pakuthana ndi zovuta pamwambo umodzi ndi kukana kophiphiritsira mumzake, miyambo yonseyi imayimira kutsutsa kosavuta pakati pa subculture ndi chikhalidwe chokulirapo. Zinthu monga kusiyanasiyana kwamkati, kuphatikizika kwakunja, kusuntha kwapayekha pakati pa subcultures, kusakhazikika kwamagulu okha, komanso kuchuluka kwa ma hangers omwe alibe chidwi amanyalanyazidwa. Pamene Albert Cohen akusonyeza kuti timagulu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono timayang'ana zomwe mamembala onse ali nawo, akatswiri a maganizo a Birmingham amanena kuti pali matanthauzo amodzi, ophwanya malamulo a chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chomwe chimawonetsa momwe mamembala amagawana nawo.

Komanso, pali chizoloŵezi choganiza, popanda tsatanetsatane kapena umboni, kuti ma subcultures mwanjira ina adachokera ku chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu osiyana panthawi imodzi ndikuyankha modzidzimutsa mofanana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Albert Cohen akufotokoza momveka bwino kuti njira ya "kukopana" kwa anthu osakhutitsidwa ndi "kuyanjana kwawo kothandiza wina ndi mnzake" kunapangitsa kuti pakhale magulu ang'onoang'ono.

Ubale wa media ndi malonda ndi subculture ndi subculture theory

Chizoloŵezi choyika zofalitsa ndi zamalonda kutsutsana ndi subcultures ndi chinthu chovuta kwambiri m'malingaliro ambiri a subculture. Lingaliro la mayanjano likuwonetsa kuti atolankhani ndi malonda akutenga nawo gawo pakugulitsa masitayelo azikhalidwe zachikhalidwe pokhapokha atakhazikitsidwa kwakanthawi. Malinga ndi a Jock Young ndi a Stan Cohen, udindo wawo ndikulemba mosazindikira ndikulimbitsa zikhalidwe zomwe zilipo kale. Pakadali pano, kwa Hebdige, zinthu zatsiku ndi tsiku zimangopereka zida zopangira kusokoneza chikhalidwe. Lingaliro la mayanjano likuwonetsa kuti atolankhani ndi zamalonda amangotenga nawo gawo pakutsatsa masitayelo azikhalidwe zing'onozing'ono atakhazikitsidwa kwakanthawi, ndipo Hebdige akugogomezera kuti kutengapo gawo kumeneku kumatanthauza kufa kwa timagulu tating'ono. Mosiyana ndi izi, Thornton akuwonetsa kuti ma subcultures angaphatikizepo mitundu yambiri yabwino komanso yoyipa yotengera mwachindunji pazofalitsa kuyambira pachiyambi.

Zizindikiro zinayi za subcultural substance

Njira zinayi zowonetsera za subculture: kudziwika, kudzipereka, kudziwika kosasintha, ndi kudziyimira pawokha.

Chiphunzitso cha Subculture: Chidziwitso Chokhazikika

Zingakhale zowonjezereka kufunafuna kuchotsa kotheratu malingaliro a kukana kophiphiritsira, homology, ndi kuthetsa kophatikizana kwa kutsutsana kwapangidwe kuchokera pakuwunika chikhalidwe cha anthu ambiri. Komabe, palibe chimodzi mwazinthu izi chomwe chiyenera kuganiziridwa ngati chofunikira chofotokozera mawu akuti subculture. Nthawi zambiri, ntchito, matanthauzo, ndi zizindikiro za kukhudzidwa kwa zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zimatha kusiyana pakati pa otenga nawo mbali ndikuwonetsa njira zovuta za kusankha kwachikhalidwe ndi zochitika mwangozi, m'malo mongotengera momwe zinthu ziliri. Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti palibe chizindikiritso kapena kusasinthasintha mu masitayelo ndi mayendedwe amagulu amakono, kapena kuti, ngati alipo, mawonekedwewo sali ofunikira pagulu. Ngakhale kuvomereza kusapeŵeka kwa kusinthika kwamtundu wina wamkati ndikusintha pakapita nthawi, muyeso woyamba wazinthu zamitundu ingapo umaphatikizapo kupezeka kwa zokonda zogawana ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zimasiyana ndi zamagulu ena ndipo zimagwirizana mokwanira kuchokera kwa wophunzira wina kupita wina. chotsatira, malo ena kupita kwina ndi chaka china kupita kwina.

Umunthu

Chizindikiro chachiwiri cha subcultural substance ikufuna kuthana ndi nkhaniyi poyang'ana momwe omvera amatsatira kuti ali ndi chikhalidwe chosiyana komanso amagawana chidziwitso wina ndi mzake. Kusiya kufunikira kowunika chidziwitso chogwirizana patali, malingaliro omveka bwino komanso okhalitsa a gulu lokhalokha amayamba kukhazikitsa gululo kukhala lalikulu m'malo mongoyerekeza.

Kudzipereka

Zimanenedwanso kuti ma subcultures amatha kukhudza kwambiri moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa omwe akutenga nawo mbali pazochita, komanso kuti nthawi zambiri, kutenga nawo gawo mokhazikika kumeneku kutha zaka zambiri osati miyezi. Kutengera mtundu wa gulu lomwe likufunsidwa, ma subcultures amatha kupanga gawo lalikulu la nthawi yopuma, machitidwe aubwenzi, njira zamalonda, kusonkhanitsa zinthu, zizolowezi zapa TV, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti.

Autonomy

Chizindikiro chomaliza cha subculture ndi chakuti gulu lomwe likufunsidwa, ngakhale kuti likugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi ndale-zachuma dongosolo lomwe ndi gawo, limakhalabe ndi ufulu wodzilamulira. Makamaka, gawo lalikulu lazopanga kapena zochitika zamagulu zomwe zili pansi pake zitha kuchitidwa ndi okonda. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zina, ntchito zopangira phindu zidzachitika limodzi ndi zochitika zambiri zamalonda ndi zodzifunira, zomwe zikuwonetsa kukhudzika kwakukulu kwa anthu okhudzidwa ndi chikhalidwe chawo.

Yunivesite ya Birmingham

Chicago School of Sociology