Anarchism, libertarianism, stateless society

Anarchism ndi nzeru zandale kapena gulu la ziphunzitso ndi malingaliro omwe amayang'ana kwambiri kukana mtundu uliwonse waulamuliro wokakamiza (boma) ndikuchirikiza kuchotsedwa kwake. Anarchism m'lingaliro lake lalikulu ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti maboma onse ndi osafunika ndipo ayenera kuthetsedwa.

Anarchism, gulu la ecumenical la malingaliro odana ndi ulamuliro, linakula mu kukangana pakati pa zikhoterero ziwiri zotsutsana kwambiri: kudzipereka kwaumunthu ku kudziyimira pawokha komanso kudzipereka kwa gulu ku ufulu wa anthu. Zizolowezizi sizinagwirizane konse m'mbiri ya malingaliro omasuka. Zowonadi, ambiri azaka zapitazi adangokhalapo limodzi mu chisokonezo monga chikhulupiriro chocheperako chotsutsa boma, osati ngati chiphunzitso chapamwamba chopanga mtundu wa anthu atsopano oti akhazikitsidwe m'malo mwake. Zomwe sizikutanthauza kuti masukulu osiyanasiyana a anarchism sali

amalimbikitsa mitundu yodziwika bwino yamagulu amagulu, ngakhale nthawi zambiri amakhala osiyana kwambiri. M’chenicheni, komabe, kusagwirizana kwakukulu kunalimbikitsa chimene Yesaya Berlin anachitcha “ufulu woipa”, mwachitsanzo, “ufulu ku” osati “ufulu” weniweniwo. Zowonadi, anarchism nthawi zambiri imakondwerera kudzipereka kwake ku ufulu woipa monga umboni wa kuchulukitsa kwake, kulolerana kwamalingaliro, kapena kupangika - kapenanso, monga momwe ochirikiza posachedwapa amatsutsa, kusagwirizana kwake. Kulephera kwa Anarchism kuthetsa mikangano iyi, kufotokoza za ubale wa munthu ndi gulu, ndi kufotokoza zochitika za mbiri yakale zomwe zinapangitsa kuti gulu la anarchist losavomerezeka likhale lotheka, linayambitsa mavuto mu malingaliro a anarchist omwe sanathetsedwe mpaka lero.

“M’lingaliro lalikulu, chiwonongeko ndicho kukana kukakamiza ndi kulamulira m’njira zonse, kuphatikizapo mitundu ya ansembe ndi plutocrats ... Anarchist ... amadana ndi mitundu yonse ya ulamuliro wankhanza, iye ndi mdani wa parasism, kudyera masuku pamutu ndi kupondereza. Anarchist amadzimasula yekha ku zonse zomwe zili zoyera ndipo amachita pulogalamu yayikulu yodetsa anthu. "

Tanthauzo la anarchism: Mark Mirabello. Buku la zigawenga ndi zigawenga. Oxford, England: Oxford Mandrake

Zofunikira mu anarchism

Ngakhale kusiyana kwawo, anarchists nthawi zambiri amakonda:

(1) tsimikizirani ufulu monga mtengo wofunikira; ena amawonjezera zinthu zina monga chilungamo, kufanana, kapena moyo wabwino waumunthu;

(2) kudzudzula boma ngati losagwirizana ndi ufulu (ndi/kapena zikhalidwe zina); komanso

(3) perekani ndondomeko yomanga anthu abwino popanda boma.

Mabuku ambiri a anarchist amawona boma ngati chida chopondereza, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi atsogoleri ake kuti apindule nawo. Boma kaŵirikaŵiri, ngakhale si nthaŵi zonse, limaukiridwa mofanana ndi eni ake opondereza a njira zopangira zinthu m’dongosolo la chikapitalist, aphunzitsi odzilamulira okha ndi makolo opondereza. Mokulira, otsutsa amaona kuti palibe chifukwa chomveka cha mtundu uliwonse wa authoritarianism umene uli kugwiritsira ntchito udindo wa munthu kaamba ka ubwino wake, m’malo mopindulitsa iwo amene ali pansi pa ulamuliro. Kugogomezera kwa anarchist pa *ufulu, * chilungamo, ndi moyo waumunthu * kumachokera ku malingaliro abwino a umunthu. Kaŵirikaŵiri anthu amaonedwa kukhala okhoza kudzilamulira mwanzeru, mwamtendere, mogwirizana ndiponso mwaphindu.

Mawu akuti anarchism ndi chiyambi cha anarchism

Mawu akuti anarchism amachokera ku Greek ἄναρχος, anarchos, kutanthauza "wopanda olamulira", "wopanda archons". Pali kusamveka bwino pakugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "libertarian" ndi "libertarian" polemba za anarchism. Kuchokera m'ma 1890 ku France, mawu akuti "libertarianism" nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawu ofanana ndi anarchism, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi m'lingaliro limenelo mpaka m'ma 1950 ku United States; kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake monga mawu ofananirako kukadali kofala kunja kwa United States.

Mpaka zaka za m'ma XIX

Kale kwambiri kuti anarchism isanakhale maganizo osiyana, anthu ankakhala m’madera opanda boma kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Zinangokhalapo pambuyo kuonekera kwa magulu otsogola pomwe malingaliro a anarchist adapangidwa ngati yankho lovuta komanso kukana mabungwe okakamiza andale komanso maubwenzi otsogola.

Anarchism monga momwe imamvekedwera masiku ano idachokera ku lingaliro ladziko lazandale la Chidziwitso, makamaka m'mikangano ya Rousseau yokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe chapakati chaufulu. Mawu akuti "anarchist" poyambirira adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawu otukwana, koma panthawi ya Revolution ya France magulu ena monga a Enrages adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa momveka bwino. Munali m’nyengo yandale imeneyi pamene William Godwin anakulitsa nzeru zake, zimene ambiri amazilingalira kukhala mawu oyamba a malingaliro amakono. Pofika kuchiyambi kwa zaka za m’ma XNUMX, liwu lachingelezi lakuti “anarchism” linali litasiya tanthauzo lake lenileni.

Malinga ndi Peter Kropotkin, William Godwin, m’buku lake lakuti A Study in Political Justice (1973), anali woyamba kupanga mfundo zandale ndi zachuma za kusagwirizana, ngakhale kuti sanapereke dzinalo ku malingaliro opangidwa m’buku lake. Posonkhezeredwa mwamphamvu ndi malingaliro a Kuukira kwa France, Godwin ananena kuti popeza kuti munthu ali cholengedwa chanzeru, sayenera kuletsedwa kugwiritsira ntchito chifukwa chake chenicheni. Popeza kuti maboma onse ali opanda nzeru choncho ndi ankhanza, ayenera kuchotsedwapo.

Pierre Joseph Proudhon

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon ndi woyamba kudzitcha kuti anarchist, chizindikiro chomwe adachitenga m'buku lake la 1840 What is Property? Ndicho chifukwa chake Proudhon amayamikiridwa ndi ena monga woyambitsa chiphunzitso chamakono cha anarchist. Anapanga chiphunzitso cha dongosolo modzidzimutsa m'gulu la anthu, malinga ndi zomwe mabungwe amawuka popanda ulamuliro wapakati, "positive anarchy", momwe zimachokera ku mfundo yakuti munthu aliyense amachita zomwe akufuna, ndi zomwe akufuna. , ndi kumene kokhako. zochita zamabizinesi zimapanga dongosolo la anthu. Iye ankaona kuti kusagwirizana ndi boma monga boma limene anthu amaganizira anthu ndiponso payekha, mogwirizana ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ndi malamulo, pachokha n’chokwanira kusungitsa bata ndi kutsimikizira ufulu wonse. Mmenemo, chifukwa chake, mabungwe apolisi, njira zopewera ndi zopondereza, maofesi, misonkho, ndi zina zotero zimachepetsedwa.

Anarchism monga gulu la anthu

Choyamba International

Ku Ulaya, kuchitapo kanthu koopsa kunatsatira zisinthe za 1848. Zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pake, mu 1864, bungwe la International Workers 'Association, lomwe nthawi zina limatchedwa "First International", linasonkhanitsa magulu angapo osintha zinthu ku Ulaya, kuphatikizapo otsatira a French Proudhon, Blanquists, English trade unionists, socialists ndi demokalase. Kupyolera mu mgwirizano wake weniweni ndi magulu ogwira ntchito, International inakhala bungwe lalikulu. Karl Marx adakhala mtsogoleri wamkulu wa International International komanso membala wa General Council. Otsatira a Proudhon, a Mutualists, adatsutsa chikhalidwe cha boma cha Marx, kuteteza kusagwirizana ndi ndale komanso umwini wochepa. Mu 1868, atalephera kutenga nawo mbali mu League of Peace and Freedom (LPF), wosinthika wa ku Russia Mikhail Bakunin ndi anzake a anarchist anzake adalowa nawo ku First International (omwe adaganiza kuti asagwirizane ndi LPF). Iwo adagwirizana ndi zigawo za federalist socialist za International, zomwe zimalimbikitsa kugonjetsedwa kwa boma ndi kusonkhanitsa katundu. Poyamba, ophatikizana adagwira ntchito ndi a Marxists kukankhira First International mu njira yosinthira socialist. Pambuyo pake, International idagawidwa m'misasa iwiri, yotsogoleredwa ndi Marx ndi Bakunin. Mu 1872 mkanganowo udafika pachimake ndikugawanika komaliza pakati pa magulu awiriwa ku Hague Congress, pomwe Bakunin ndi James Guillaume adathamangitsidwa ku International ndipo likulu lawo adasamutsidwira ku New York. Poyankha, zigawo za federalist zidapanga zawo zapadziko lonse lapansi ku msonkhano wa Saint-Imier, kutengera pulogalamu yosinthira anarchist.

Anarchism ndi ntchito yogwirizana

Zigawo zotsutsana ndi ulamuliro wa First International zinali zotsogola za anarcho-syndicalists, omwe ankafuna "kulowa m'malo mwa mwayi ndi ulamuliro wa boma" ndi "bungwe laufulu ndi lokhazikika la ntchito."

Confederation Generale du Travail (General Confederation of Labor, CGT), yomwe idapangidwa ku France mu 1985, inali gulu loyamba lalikulu la anarcho-syndicalist, koma lidatsogozedwa ndi Spanish Workers' Federation mu 1881. Gulu lalikulu la anarchist lero lili ku Spain, mu mawonekedwe a CGT ndi CNT (National Confederation of Labor). Magulu ena omwe akugwira nawo ntchito akuphatikizapo US Workers Solidarity Alliance ndi UK Solidarity Federation.

Anarchism ndi Russian Revolution

Otsutsa anarchist adatenga nawo gawo limodzi ndi a Bolshevik mu February ndi October Revolutions ndipo poyamba anali okondwa ndi Revolution ya Bolshevik. Komabe, a Bolsheviks posakhalitsa anatembenukira ku anarchists ndi otsutsa ena akumanzere, mkangano umene unafika pachimake pa zipolowe za 1921 ku Kronstadt, zomwe zinakhazikitsidwa ndi boma latsopano. Otsutsa anarchist m’chigawo chapakati cha Russia mwina anatsekeredwa m’ndende kapena kuthamangitsidwa mobisa, kapena analoŵa gulu la Bolshevik olakika; Anarchists ochokera ku Petrograd ndi Moscow anathawira ku Ukraine. Kumeneko, ku Free Territory, adamenyana ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni yolimbana ndi a Whites (gulu la mafumu ndi otsutsa ena a October Revolution), ndiyeno a Bolshevik monga gawo la Revolutionary Insurgent Army ya Ukraine, motsogoleredwa ndi Nestor Makhno, yemwe. adapanga gulu la anarchist m'derali kwa miyezi ingapo.

Emma Goldman ndi Alexander Berkman omwe adathamangitsidwa ku America anali m'gulu la anthu omwe adachita kampeni potsatira mfundo za Bolshevik komanso kupondereza zipolowe za Kronstadt asanachoke ku Russia. Onse awiri adalemba nkhani za zomwe adakumana nazo ku Russia, akudzudzula momwe a Bolshevik amalamulira. Kwa iwo, maulosi a Bakunin okhudza zotsatira za ulamuliro wa Marxist, kuti olamulira a dziko latsopano la "socialist" Marxist adzakhala osankhika atsopano, adatsimikiziranso kuti ndi oona.

Anarchism m'zaka za zana la 20

M'zaka za m'ma 1920 ndi 1930, kukwera kwa fascism ku Ulaya kunasintha mkangano wa anarchism ndi boma. Italy idawona mikangano yoyamba pakati pa ma anarchists ndi fascists. Otsutsa a ku Italy adagwira nawo gawo lalikulu mu bungwe la Arditi del Popolo lodana ndi chifasisti, lomwe linali lamphamvu kwambiri m'madera omwe ali ndi miyambo ya anarchist, ndipo adachita bwino pazochitika zawo, monga kutsutsa ma Blackshirts m'malo a anarchist a Parma mu August 1922. Luigi Fabbri anali m'modzi mwa akatswiri oyamba otsutsa a fascism, omwe amawatcha "preventive counter-revolution". Ku France, komwe ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi adatsala pang'ono kuwukira paziwopsezo za February 1934, a anarchists adagawikana pa mfundo ya gulu logwirizana.

Ku Spain, CNT poyambilira idakana kulowa nawo mumgwirizano wachisankho wa Popular Front, ndipo kukana otsatira CNT kudapangitsa kuti ufuluwo upambane. Koma mu 1936 CNT inasintha ndondomeko yake, ndipo mawu a anarchist anathandiza Popular Front kubwerera ku mphamvu. Patapita miyezi ingapo, olamulirawo anavomera kulanda boma zomwe zinayambitsa nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Spain (1936-1939). Poyankha kuukira kwa gulu lankhondo, gulu lolimbikitsidwa ndi anarchist la anthu wamba ndi antchito, mothandizidwa ndi zida zankhondo, lidalanda Barcelona ndi madera akulu akumidzi yaku Spain, komwe adasonkhanitsa dzikolo. Koma ngakhale chigonjetso cha chipani cha Nazi chisanapambane mu 1939, oukira boma anali kutaya mphamvu pakulimbana koopsa ndi a Stalin, omwe ankalamulira kugawidwa kwa chithandizo chankhondo ku gulu la Republic kuchokera ku Soviet Union. Asilikali otsogozedwa ndi Stalinist adapondereza magulu ndikuzunza a Marxists osagwirizana ndi a anarchists. Anarchists ku France ndi Italy adatenga nawo gawo pa Resistance pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse.

Ngakhale kuti anarchists anali andale ku Spain, Italy, Belgium, ndi France, makamaka m'ma 1870, komanso ku Spain panthawi ya nkhondo yapachiweniweni ya ku Spain, ndipo ngakhale kuti anarchists anapanga mgwirizano wa anarcho-syndicalist ku United States mu 1905, panalibe ngakhale mmodzi. madera odziwika bwino a anarchist amtundu uliwonse. Anarchism idayambanso kuyambiranso m'ma 1960 ndi koyambirira kwa ma 1970 pantchito ya ochirikiza monga Paul Goodman (1911-72), mwina wodziwika bwino chifukwa cha zolemba zake pazamaphunziro, ndi Daniel Guérin (1904-88), yemwe amakulitsa chikhalidwe cha communitarian anarchism. imamanga pa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi za anarcho-syndicalism, zomwe tsopano ndi zachikale koma zimadutsa.

Mavuto mu anarchism

Zolinga ndi njira

Nthawi zambiri, ma anarchists amakonda kuchitapo kanthu mwachindunji ndikutsutsa kuvota pazisankho. Ambiri a anarchists amakhulupirira kuti kusintha kwenikweni sikungatheke mwa kuvota. Zochita zachindunji zimatha kukhala zachiwawa kapena zopanda chiwawa. Otsutsa ena saona kuwononga katundu monga chiwawa.

Capitalism

Miyambo yambiri ya anarchist imakana capitalism (yomwe amaiona ngati yaulamuliro, yokakamiza, ndi yopondereza) pamodzi ndi boma. Izi zikuphatikizapo kusiya ntchito ya malipiro, maubwenzi abwana ndi antchito, kukhala wopondereza; ndi katundu waumwini, mofanana ndi lingaliro laulamuliro.

Kudalirana kwa mayiko

Onse anarchists amatsutsa kugwiritsa ntchito kukakamiza kogwirizana ndi malonda apadziko lonse, omwe amachitidwa kudzera mu mabungwe monga World Bank, World Trade Organization, G8 ndi World Economic Forum. Akatswiri ena a anarchists amawona kudalirana kwadziko lonse muufulu woterewu.

Chikominisi

Masukulu ambiri a anarchism azindikira kusiyana pakati pa mitundu ya libertarian ndi authoritarian ya chikominisi.

demokalase

Kwa ma anarchists amunthu payekha, dongosolo la demokalase yaunyinji limawonedwa ngati losavomerezeka. Kuphwanya kulikonse pa ufulu wachibadwidwe wa munthu n’kopanda chilungamo ndipo ndi chizindikiro cha nkhanza za anthu ambiri.

Kugonana

Anarcha-feminism mwina amawona utsogoleri ngati gawo limodzi ndi chizindikiro cha machitidwe olumikizana oponderezedwa.

Masewera Oyendetsa

Black anarchism imatsutsa kukhalapo kwa boma, capitalism, kugonjera ndi kulamulira kwa anthu amtundu wa Africa, ndipo imalimbikitsa bungwe losagwirizana ndi anthu.

chipembedzo

Anarchism mwachizoloŵezi akhala akukayikira ndi kutsutsa chipembedzo cholinganizidwa.

tanthauzo la anarchism

Anarcho-syndicalism