Tanthauzo la miyala yamtengo wapatali m'mbiri

Pamene miyala yamtengo wapatali inakhala zokometsera, kuyesa kunapangidwa nthawi yomweyo kuika m'magulu. miyala yabwino komanso yoyipa kwambiriВ zamtengo wapatali komanso zochepa. Izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi zolemba zosiyanasiyana za mbiri yakale. Mwachitsanzo, tikudziwa kuti Ababulo ndi Asuri anagawa miyala yodziwika kwa iwo m’magulu atatu amtengo wapatali. Yoyamba, yamtengo wapatali, inali miyala yogwirizana ndi mapulaneti. Izi zikuphatikizapo diamondi zogwirizana ndi Mercury, safiro ogwirizana ndi Uranus, turquoise ndi Saturn, opals ndi Jupiter, ndi amethysts ndi Earth. Gulu lachiwiri - lopangidwa ndi nyenyezi, lopangidwa ndi garnets, agate, topazes, heliodor, hyacinth ndi ena. Gulu lachitatu - lapadziko lapansi, linali ngale, amber ndi ma corals.

Kodi miyala yamtengo wapatali inkagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji kale?

Zinthu zinali zosiyana ku India, kumene kwenikweni mitundu iwiri ya miyala yagawidwa - diamondi ndi corundum (marubi ndi safiro). Kale kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX ndi XNUMX BC, wafilosofi wamkulu wa ku India ndi wodziwa miyala ya Kautilya mu ntchito yake yotchedwa "Science of Use (Mapindu)" adasiyanitsa magulu anayi a diamondi. Zamtengo wapatali kwambiri zinali diamondi zomveka bwino komanso zopanda mtundu "monga rock crystal", yachiwiri inali diamondi yachikasu "monga maso a kalulu", yachitatu inali "yobiriwira", ndipo yachinayi inali "diamondi" zachi China. Rose". Kuyesera kofananako kuyika miyala kunapangidwa ndi oganiza bwino akale, ku Greece ndi Theocritus wa Sirac, Plato, Aristotle, Theophrastus, ku Roma ndi ena. Solinius ndi Pliny Wamkulu. Omalizawo ankaona kuti miyala yamtengo wapatali kwambiri "yowala kwambiri" kapena "kusonyeza mtundu wawo waumulungu." Anawatcha miyala "yachimuna" kusiyana ndi miyala "yachikazi", yomwe nthawi zambiri inali "yotumbululuka komanso yowala kwambiri". Kuyesera kofananako kuyika miyala kumapezeka mwa olemba ambiri akale.

Pa nthawiyo, panali chikhulupiriro chodziwika bwino cha zinthu zakale miyala yamtengo wapatali imakhala ndi zinthu zothandiza kwambiri, zomwe zingakhudze tsogolo la munthu, makamaka zikagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zithumwa ndi zithumwa. Anali malingaliro awa a mphamvu yamatsenga ya miyala yomwe inagogomezedwa makamaka ndi olemba azaka zapakati pakuyesera kuyika magulu. Choncho, miyala inayamba kukhala yosiyana, yomwe mphamvu yake inali yochepa. Ndipo iyi inali sitepe yakugawanitsa miyalayo kukhala miyala yofikirika ndi ziwanda ndi miyala yolimbana ndi machitidwe a mizimu yoyipa.

Mphamvu Zachilendo Zomwe Zimachokera ku Zamtengo Wapatali

Potsutsana ndi zokonda zonsezi zachinsinsi kapena zamatsenga, ntchito ya Al-Biruni (Abu Reykhan Biruni, 973-1048) imayenera kusamala kwambiri. adapereka njira yosiyana kotheratu yoyika miyala. Zamtengo wapatali kwambiri zinali miyala yofiira (rubi, spinels, garnet), gulu lachiwiri lopanda mtengo wapatali linali diamondi (makamaka chifukwa cha kuuma kwawo!), Gulu lachitatu linali ngale, ma coral ndi amayi a ngale, gulu lachinayi linali lobiriwira. ndi blue-green (emeralds , malachite, jade ndi lapis lazuli). Gulu losiyana linaphatikizapo zinthu zochokera ku organic, kuphatikizapo amber ndi jet, zomwe ziyenera kuonedwa kuti ndizochitika zomwe zimayenera kuyang'aniridwa, komanso kusankha magalasi ndi zadothi ngati miyala yopangira.

Miyala yamtengo wapatali ku Middle Ages

W dKumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, kuyesa kugawa miyala kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe awo okongola kapena zomwe amakonda.. Zolemba zakale zimapereka zitsanzo za zokonda zotere monga maziko a magulu. Mwachitsanzo, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, miyala ya safiro ya buluu ndi amethyst yofiirira yakuda inali yofunika kwambiri. Panthawi ya Renaissance ndi kupitirira - rubi, safiro, diamondi ndi emarodi. Panalinso nthawi pamene diamondi ndi ngale zinali pakati pa miyala yamtengo wapatali kwambiri. Kuyesera koyamba kwamakono kuyika miyala kunaperekedwa mu 1860 ndi German mineralogist C. Kluge. Anagawa miyala yodziwika kwa iye m'magulu awiri: miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali. M'magulu onsewa, adapeza magulu asanu a makhalidwe abwino. Miyala yamtengo wapatali (I kalasi) imaphatikizapo diamondi, corundum, chrysoberyl ndi spinels, zosafunikira kwambiri (V class) zimaphatikizapo: jet, jade, serpentine, alabaster, malachite, rhodochrosite.

Miyala Yamtengo Wapatali M'mbiri Yamakono

Lingaliro lina losiyana komanso lokulitsidwa kwambiri la magawo linayambika mu 1920 ndi Russian mineralogist ndi gemologist A. Fersman, ndipo mu 70s. ndi asayansi ena a ku Russia (B. Marenkov, V. Sobolev, E. Kevlenko, A. Churup) njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ndondomeko yamtengo wapatali yomwe imasonyezedwa ndi kusoŵa, zizoloŵezi ndi zokonda zomwe zimawonedwa kwa zaka zambiri, komanso zinthu zina zakuthupi ndi mankhwala monga kuuma, kugwirizana, kuwonekera, mtundu ndi zina. Chotsatira chachikulu kwambiri cha njira imeneyi chinali kugawikana koperekedwa ndi A. Churup. Anagawa miyalayi m'magulu atatu: zodzikongoletsera (zamtengo wapatali), zodzikongoletsera-zokongoletsera ndi zokongoletsera. Miyala yodzikongoletsera (yamtengo wapatali) poyamba makhiristo opangidwa bwino (makhiristo amodzi) ndipo kawirikawiri amaphatikizana ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a automorphism. Miyala ya kalasiyi inagawidwa ndi wolemba m'magulu angapo, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono, kuphatikizapo kuuma. Chifukwa cha ichi, diamondi inali poyambirira, pansi pa mitundu ya corundum, beryllium, chrysoberyl, tourmaline, spinel, garnet ndi ena.

Iwo anaikidwa m’gulu lapadera, monga ngati gulu lapadera miyala yokhala ndi zotsatira za kuwalamonga sewero la mitundu (kuwala), opalescence, brilliance (kuwala) - miyala yamtengo wapatali, moonstone, labrador, ndi m'munsi mwa kalasi ya turquoise, miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi ngale. Gulu lachiwiri, lapakati pakati pa miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi yokongoletsera, limaphatikizapo miyala yapakati kapena yotsika kwambiri, koma yogwirizana kwambiri, komanso miyala yamtundu wakuda kapena yofanana (yade, agate, maso a falcon ndi tiger, lapis lazuli, mitsinje, etc.) . Lingaliro la gulu ili, monga momwe zinalili, pakati pa zodzikongoletsera ndi zokongoletsera, zinali msonkho kwa miyambo yokongoletsera zaka mazana ambiri ndi wolemba. Gulu lachitatu limaphatikizapo miyala yokongoletsera, wolembayo adavotera miyala ina yonse yokhala ndi mikhalidwe yokongoletsera yoyipa kwambiri kuposa yomwe yatchulidwa, komanso miyala yolimba yotsika, pansipa ndi pang'ono pamwamba pa 3 pamlingo wa Mohs. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zamakono monga maziko a gulu la miyala sikungathe kupereka zotsatira zabwino. Dongosolo lomwe adafunsidwalo linali losagwirizana kwambiri ndi zodzikongoletsera, zomwe magawo amagawidwe ndi ofunika kwambiri monga mwala wamtengo wapatali, wosoŵa kapena macroscopic katundu monga mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, komanso nthawi zina komanso ma microphysical ndi mankhwala a miyala. Chifukwa chakuti maguluwa sanaphatikizidwe m'gululi, malingaliro a A. Churupa, ngakhale kuti zamakono ndi zomveka bwino m'magulu ake onse, sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito. Kotero inali imodzi mwa ambiri - zofalitsidwa kwambiri ku Poland - zoyesayesa zolephera kuyika miyala.

Pakalipano, chifukwa cha kusakhalapo, akatswiri a miyala yamtengo wapatali amagwiritsa ntchito matanthauzidwe odziwika bwino komanso osadziwika bwino. Ndipo kotero kwa gulu la miyala:

1) zamtengo wapatali - izi zikuphatikizapo makamaka mchere umene umapangidwa mwachilengedwe pansi pa zinthu zachilengedwe, zomwe zimadziwika ndi katundu wokhazikika wa thupi komanso kukana kwakukulu kwa zinthu za mankhwala. Miyala iyi, yodulidwa bwino, imasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba komanso okongoletsa (mtundu, kuwala, kuwala ndi zina zowoneka bwino). 2) zokongoletsera - imaphatikizapo miyala, nthawi zambiri miyala ya monomineral, mchere ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa mwachilengedwe (chilengedwe) komanso kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osasintha. Pambuyo kupukuta, ali ndi zinthu zokongoletsera. Mogwirizana ndi gululi, gulu lodziwika bwino la miyala yokongoletsera limaphatikizapo ngale zachilengedwe, ngale zachikhalidwe, komanso posachedwa komanso amber. Kusiyanaku kulibe zifukwa zomveka ndipo kwenikweni ndi zamalonda. Nthawi zambiri m'mabuku odziwa ntchito mungapeze mawu akuti "miyala yodzikongoletsera". Mawuwa sakutanthauza gulu lililonse la miyala, koma limasonyeza ntchito zotheka. Izi zikutanthauza kuti miyala yodzikongoletsera imatha kukhala miyala yamtengo wapatali komanso yokongoletsera, ndi miyala yopangira kapena zinthu zopanga zomwe zilibe ma analogue m'chilengedwe, komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana yotsatsira ndi kutsanzira.

Malingaliro olondola komanso omveka bwino a gemological, mayina ndi mawu, komanso magawo awo, ndizofunikira kwambiri pamalonda a zodzikongoletsera. Izi zili choncho chifukwa amathandizira kulumikizana ndikuletsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhanza, mwadala komanso mwangozi.

Mabungwe akuluakulu a miyala yamtengo wapatali komanso maboma a mayiko ambiri akudziwa izi, akuyesera kuthana ndi zochitika zosasangalatsazi popereka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malamulo omwe amateteza msika wa ogula. Koma vuto la kugwirizanitsa mayina ndi mawu padziko lonse ndi vuto lovutachoncho, siziyenera kuyembekezera kuti zidzathetsedwa mwamsanga. Kaya idzachitidwa ndi kulimbikitsidwa, komanso kukula kwake, ndizovuta kulosera lero.

Compendium of Knowledge - phunzirani zamtengo wapatali

Onani wathu kusonkhanitsa chidziwitso cha miyala yonse yamtengo wapatali amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzodzikongoletsera

• Diamondi / diamondi
• Ruby
• ametusito
• Aquamarine
• Agate
• ametrine
• Safira
• Emerald
• Topazi
• Tsimofan
• Yade
• morganite
• kulira
• Peridot
• Alexandrite
• Heliodor