Ruby ndi mwala wofiira
Zamkatimu:
- katundu wa ruby
- Chifukwa chiyani ruby ndi yofiira?
- Mtundu wa ruby ndi mtengo
- Kupezeka kwa ma ruby - kumene amakumbidwa kwambiri?
- Zodzikongoletsera za ruby ndi ntchito zina zamwala uwu
- Nthano ndi machiritso a ruby
- Marubi otchuka kwambiri
- Marubi opangidwa, ndiko kuti, ofanana ndi ma rubi.
- Synthetic ruby - mtengo
- Kodi mungasiyanitse bwanji ruby yopangidwa kuchokera kuchilengedwe?
Ruby ndi imodzi mwa miyala yakale kwambiri padziko lapansi, yosowa komanso yolemekezeka kwambiri, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa "mfumu yamtengo wapatali". Dzina lakuti Ruby limachokera ku mawu akuti "rubeus", omwe amatanthauza "wofiira" mu Chilatini. M'Sanskrit yakale, ruby inamasuliridwa kuti "ratnaraj", kutanthauza "mfumu ya miyala yamtengo wapatali." Ngati tikuyang'ana mwala wokongola wofiira, ruby ndi chisankho chabwino kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kuuma kwake, kulimba, kunyezimira ndi kusoŵa, ndi mwala wamtengo wapatali wokhumbidwa kwambiri osati kwa amayi okha komanso amuna.
katundu wa ruby
katundu wa rubyRuby ndiye mtundu wofiira wa corundum. Popeza ruby ndi safiro ndizofanana muzinthu zonse kupatula mtundu, ruby tinganene kuti ndi safiro wofiira. Komabe, chifukwa cha chithumwa chake chapadera komanso mbiri yakale, ruby yakhala ikudziwika ngati mwala wamtengo wapatali womwewo. Zisanu ndi zinayi pamlingo wa Mohs zikutanthauza kuti ruby (corundum) ndi yachiwiri kwa diamondi pakuuma. Ruby, monga safiro, amadziwika ndi pleochroism (chodabwitsa cha kusintha kwa mtundu kutengera mawonekedwe a kuwala) ndi luminescence. Zophatikizika zomwe zimapezeka mu ruby zikuwonetsa komwe mwala udachokera. Mwachitsanzo, ma ruby aku Burma ali ndi singano yayifupi. Ruby crystallization imachitika mu piritsi, bipyramidal kapena mawonekedwe ngati ndodo yokhala ndi hexagonal base.
Chifukwa chiyani ruby ndi yofiira?
Monga mukudziwa, corundum ndi mchere wopanda mtundu. Ichi ndi chowonjezera mu mawonekedwe a chromium element. amapanga ruby kufiira. Kuchuluka kwa chinthu ichi, mtunduwo udzakhala wolimba kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ruby fluorescence imakhalanso chifukwa cha chromium, yomwe imapangitsa kuti utoto ukhale wolimba. Chinthu chodziwika bwino chomwe chimapezekanso mu ruby ndi chitsulo. Tsoka ilo, pamene kuli kowonjezereka, kumachepetsa kuwala kwa mwala ndi mtundu wakuda. Chifukwa cha izi ndi kukhalapo kwa miyala ya safiro ndi ruby. Ndichitsulo chomwe "chimapangitsa" mtundu wa buluu wa safiro, koma nthawi yomweyo chimachepetsa mphamvu ya ruby mtundu wofiira.
Mtundu wa ruby ndi mtengo
Chikhalidwe chofunikira kwambiri cha ruby chomwe chimakhudza mtengo wake, ndithudi, mtundu. Mtundu wa ruby umasiyanasiyana kuchokera kufiira kowala mpaka kumdima wofiira wofiira. Mtundu wamtengo wapatali komanso wofunika kwambiri ndi magazi ozama kwambiri okhala ndi bluish tinge pang'ono. Izi zimatchedwa Burma kapena "" (mwazi wa nkhunda). Ma rubi ayenera kukhala omveka bwino kuti akhale oyenera mwala wamtengo wapatali. Zachidziwikire, kukongola kwa mwala kulinso kofunika kwambiri, koma makristalo a ruby ndi matte asanapukutidwe. Kudulidwa koyenera kokha, makamaka koyang'ana mbali, kumapangitsa kuti ma rubi awoneke bwino, ndipo zinthu zomwe zimapezeka m'chilengedwe zimapatsa mtundu. Mitengo yamarubi okongola achilengedwe idafika $100 pa carat. Ponena za mtengo, ruby ndi umodzi mwa miyala yochepa yomwe mtengo wake ukhoza kuwonjezeka ndi kuphatikizidwa koyenera. Ma skate ang'onoang'ono a rutile amatha kuwonetsa kuwala m'njira yoti nyenyezi idzawonekere pamwala.
Kupezeka kwa ma ruby - kumene amakumbidwa kwambiri?
Ruby amapezeka makamaka ku Afghanistan, Cambodia, India, Kenya, Madagascar ndi Sri Lanka, komanso Pakistan, Tanzania ndi Thailand. Tsoka ilo, ma ruby pa 5 carats ndi osowa kwambiri, ndipo ruby pa 10 carat ndi osowa kwambiri. Chifukwa chakuti ruby ndi safiro ndi corundum, zochitika zawo ndizofanana. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'miyala ya metamorphic, m'magulu a nsangalabwi. Amawonekeranso m'miyala ya basalt, koma yomwe imachokera ku miyalayi imakhala ndi zonyansa zambiri zachitsulo kusiyana ndi miyala ya marble, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosafunika chifukwa cha mtundu "woipa". M'malo ambiri padziko lonse lapansi mutha kupeza ma ruby okhala ndi zofiira zosiyanasiyana, komabe, ndizosatheka kudziwa mtundu womwe ruby amachokera kudera liti la dziko lapansi, chifukwa m'malo amodzi mutha kukhala ndi gawo lalikulu la ruby makhiristo. Komabe, ndi ma ruby a ku Burma omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri, ndipo ndi apo nthawi zambiri amawonekera ma rube okhala ndi "magazi a njiwa".
Zodzikongoletsera za ruby ndi ntchito zina zamwala uwu
Ruby yakhala chizindikiro cha chikondi ndi chikhumbo.Chifukwa chake, sizosadabwitsa kuti zodzikongoletsera za ruby zimakonda kwambiri. Monga mukudziwa, ruby ndi mwala wamtengo wapatali, choncho uyeneranso kuphatikizidwa ndi chitsulo chamtengo wapatali. Golide wachikasu, golide woyera, golide wa rose kapena platinamu - zitsulo zonsezi zimagwirizanitsa bwino ndi corundum yofiira. Mphete za ruby zachilendo kapena mphete za ruby ndi mphatso yamwambo uliwonse, ndipo ma ruby akuluakulu okhala ndi zophatikizika pang'ono amatha kukhala amtengo wapatali madola mamiliyoni ambiri. Korundum yofiira yokongola iyi imadulidwa mofanana ndi diamondi, koma nthawi zambiri unyinji wa mwala ndi "pansi" pa mwala, kotero ruby ya misa yomweyi idzawoneka yaying'ono kuposa diamondi. Nthawi zambiri amawonedwa ndi kudula kozungulira kowala. Ruby ndiye mwala wabwino kwambiri wovala tsiku ndi tsiku.komabe, mfundo zina ziyenera kukumbukiridwa: pewani kukhudzana ndi mankhwala ndipo musawonetse kutentha kwambiri. Mphete za ruby kapena zodzikongoletsera za ruby ziyenera kutsukidwa ndi mswachi wofewa komanso madzi a sopo. Mukhozanso kugwiritsa ntchito akupanga zotsukira zabwino zotsatira. Kuphatikiza pa zodzikongoletsera, ma ruby amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mawotchi, kupanga mawotchi. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga zida za zida zotsutsa, ndipo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwamphamvu kwakukula kwamafuta komanso kuuma kwakukulu, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu mandrels a makina oyezera.
Nthano ndi machiritso a ruby
Chifukwa cha mtundu wofiira wakuda ruby yakhala ikugwirizana ndi nyonga ndi nyonga. Amakhulupirira kuti amawonjezera mphamvu, kuzindikira, kulimba mtima, chuma, chisangalalo m'chikondi ndi chitetezo pankhondo. Zimaimiranso kulemera. Ruby amayamikiridwa makamaka m'maiko aku Asia. Anagulitsidwa mumsewu wa Northern Silk ku China koyambirira kwa 200 BC. Akuluakulu a ku China anakongoletsa zida zawo ndi miyala ya rubi, chifukwa ankakhulupirira kuti mwala umenewu ukhoza kuwateteza kunkhondo. Anakwiriranso miyala ya rube pansi pa maziko a nyumba kuti iwo ndi mabanja awo asangalale. Ahindu akale ankakhulupirira kuti adzabadwanso monga mafumu ngati atapereka rubi kwa mulungu Krishna. M’zikhulupiriro za Ahindu, moto woyaka ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali ya rubi unayaka kwambiri moti ankaganiza kuti ukhoza kuwira madzi. Nthano zachi Greek zidati kutentha kwa ruby kukhoza kusungunula sera. Ankhondo a ku Burma anaika miyala ya rubi m'matupi awo kuti awateteze ndi kuwalimbitsa. Zikhalidwe zambiri zasiliranso rube monga chizindikiro cha chikondi ndi chilakolako, mwala wamtengo wapatali womwe umadzutsa malingaliro, umapangitsa mphamvu zabwino, ndikutsimikizira thanzi, nzeru, chuma, ndi kupambana m'chikondi. Ruby ndi mphatso yabwino kwambiri kwa iwo omwe anabadwa mu July, komanso obadwa pansi pa chizindikiro cha Aries, komanso chikondwerero cha zaka 15 ndi 40 zaukwati. Marubi akhala akuonedwa ngati chokongoletsera chabwino chaukwati, mphatso yomwe imayimira kutukuka. Malinga ndi ambiri omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi mankhwala ena, ruby imatha kuthetsa ululu wa msana, kulimbitsa mtima, kulimbikitsa kuyendayenda kwa magazi kapena kuthetsa kutopa kwa maso.
Marubi otchuka kwambiri
$ 32.4 miliyoni - ndalama zomwe mphete ya ruby inagulitsidwa. Mwalawu umalemera ma carat 25.59, omwe ndi $ 1,266,901 pa carat. Kugulitsaku kunachitika pa Meyi 12 2015 ndipo adatipatsa mbiri yatsopano yamwala wachikuda.
Nyenyezi ya ruby, cabochon kudula (pansi pansi, phiri la convex) - Rosser Reeves nyenyezi yolemera 138,72 carats, yomwe imapezeka ku Sri Lanka. Panopa ili ku Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution) ku Washington.
Elizabeth Taylor adapatsidwa mphete ya ruby ndi diamondi. (chithunzi kumanja) Mphatso yachikondwerero yochokera kwa Richard Burton ndi Harry Winston adapanga masilipi okongola polemekeza zaka 50 za kanema wa "The Wizard of Oz". (chithunzi kumanzere) Inde, munthu sangalephere kutchula Mfumukazi Mary waku Denmark, yemwe ali ndi tiara wokongola modabwitsa wokhala ndi ruby ndi mkanda wodabwitsa wa ruby.
Marubi opangidwa, ndiko kuti, ofanana ndi ma rubi.
Synthetic ruby, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamakampani opanga zodzikongoletsera, idapangidwa kale kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX ndi XNUMX. Izi zinachitidwa ndi katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku France Verneuil, yemwe, komabe, adadalira kafukufuku wa akale ake. Mofanana ndi kupanga miyala ya safiro, pali njira zambiri. Makampani ambiri ali ndi njira zawo zomwe amateteza ndipo samawululira aliyense. Komabe, kupanga ruby opangidwa kungagawidwe m'njira ziwiri. Kupanga kwa fusion, komwe chinthu chaufa chimatenthedwa kukhala madzi amadzimadzi ndikukhazikika mu mawonekedwe a crystalline. Njira yachiwiri ndiyo kupanga "yankho" pomwe aluminiyamu ikufunika, yopanda mtundu, ndi chromium, yomwe imapereka mtundu. Alumina ndi chromium amasungunuka muzinthu zina ndikuyika crystallization. Njira za Verneuil ndi Chochralski ndi njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popangira ma ruby kuchokera ku zinthu zaufa. Njira zonse za kukula kwa hydrothermal ndi njira yokulirapo ndi njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga "njira".
Synthetic ruby - mtengo
Synthetic ruby - mtengoNjira ya Verneuil ya "flame melting" imapanga ma ruby otsika mtengo kwambiri, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsulo kapena zodzikongoletsera zotsika mtengo kwambiri. Njira ya Chochralski, yotchedwa Pulled Ruby, imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa lasers, ndipo imatenga mtengo wa $ 5 pa carat. Flux Growth rubies amawononga ndalama zokwana madola 50 pa carat ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzodzikongoletsera, pamene njira ya hydrothermal, yocheperako, imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale omwe makristasi odetsedwa amafunikira.
Kodi mungasiyanitse bwanji ruby yopangidwa kuchokera kuchilengedwe?
Njira yosavuta, ndithudi, ili pansi pa microscope, yomwe idzatiululira machitidwe a inclusions, thovu ndi mikwingwirima. Pokhala ndi zida zoyenera, katswiri wa gemologist wabwino sadzatha kunena mwala wochita kupanga kuchokera ku chilengedwe, komanso adzatha kudziwa mbali ya dziko lapansi yomwe mwala umachokera, ngati uli wachilengedwe, kapena ndi njira yotani. analengedwa, ngati ndi chilengedwe. zopangidwa. Ndikoyenera kukumbukira kuti ma rubi opangidwa ali ndi makhalidwe ofanana kapena ofanana kwambiri ndi miyala yachilengedwe. Chilengedwe sichidzapanga mwala wangwiro, kotero ngati tikungochita ndi imodzi yokha ndipo mtengo wake ndi wokongola kwambiri, samalani ndikulingalira kuti ndi mwala wopangidwa.
Onani wathu kusonkhanitsa chidziwitso cha miyala yonse yamtengo wapatali amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzodzikongoletsera
- Diamondi / diamondi
- Ruby
- ametusito
- Aquamarine
- Agate
- ametrine
- Safira
- Emerald
- Topazi
- Tsimofan
- Yade
- morganite
- kulira
- Peridot
- Alexandrite
- Heliodor
Siyani Mumakonda