Ma diamondi akupera - zonse zokhudza kudula kwabwino kwa diamondi

Chiyambi cha luso lalikulu la kupukuta miyala yamtengo wapatali imabwerera ku nthawi zakale. Kale Asimeriya, Asuri ndi Akkids ankadzitamandira ndi zokongoletsera zokongola ndi zithumwa, momwe miyala yamtengo wapatali inayikidwa, yozungulirabe komanso yosafotokozedwa kwambiri, koma yopukutidwa bwino. Zida za miyala ya whetstones zidaperekedwa kwa munthu mwachilengedwe, kuwonetsa malo owala a makristalo ambiri opangidwa molondola. Munthu, kutsanzira chilengedwe, njira yopera, pogwiritsa ntchito luso lamakono, imangothamanga ndi kuwongolera, kudzutsa kukongola kwa miyala ngati kuti kuchokera ku maloto.

Kuyesa koyamba kupukuta diamondi kunayamba m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, ndipo mawonekedwe ake odulidwa mwaluso, akadali opanda ungwiro, mpaka m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. Ndi chifukwa cha kudula uku, chifukwa cha kuchuluka komwe kwafotokozedweratu, kuti tsopano titha kusilira mawonekedwe owoneka bwino. Zotsatira za diamondi, zomwe akatswiri a miyala yamtengo wapatali amati ndi nzeru.

Mafomu a maphunziro

Mineralogically, diamondi ndi pure carbon (C). Iwo crystallizes mu dongosolo lolondola, nthawi zambiri mu mawonekedwe a octahedron (mkuyu. 1), zochepa kawirikawiri tetra-, zisanu ndi chimodzi, khumi ndi ziwiri-, ndipo kawirikawiri octahedron (mkuyu. 1). Zoonadi, pansi pa chilengedwe, makhiristo oyera opangidwa bwino ndi osowa ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa kwambiri. Makhiristo akulu nthawi zambiri amakhala osapangidwa bwino (chithunzi 2). Ambiri aiwo ali ndi mawonekedwe a mosaic chifukwa cha mapasa angapo kapena zomata; makhiristo ambiri ali m'mbali zozungulira, ndipo makoma ake ndi otambasuka, okhwima, kapena osongoka. Palinso makristasi opunduka kapena okhazikika; mapangidwe awo ndi ogwirizana kwambiri ndi zikhalidwe za mapangidwe ndi kutha kotsatira (pamwamba etching). Mapasa amtundu wa spinel ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino, momwe ndege yophatikizira ndi ndege ya octahedron (111). Mapasa angapo amadziwikanso, kupanga zithunzi zooneka ngati nyenyezi. Palinso zomatira zosakhazikika. Zitsanzo za mitundu yodziwika bwino m'chilengedwe zikuwonetsedwa mkuyu. 2. Pali diamondi zamtengo wapatali (zoyera, pafupifupi makhiristo angwiro) ndi diamondi zamakono, zomwe zimagawidwa m'magulu, carbonados, ballas, ndi zina zotero malinga ndi mineralogical makhalidwe. imvi kapena yakuda. Ma ballas ndi mbewu zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowoneka bwino komanso zotuwa. Carbonado, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti diamondi yakuda, ndi cryptocrystalline."Chiwerengero cha diamondi kuyambira nthawi zakale chimayerekezedwa pa 4,5 biliyoni carats, ndi mtengo wa $ 300 biliyoni."

Diamondi akupera

Chiyambi cha luso lalikulu la kupukuta diamondi kuyambira nthawi zakale. Zimadziwika kuti Asimeriya, Asuri ndi Ababulo adadzitamandira kale miyala yodulidwa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zodzikongoletsera, zithumwa kapena zithumwa. Zimadziwikanso kuti miyala yoperayo inalimbikitsidwa ndi chilengedwe chokha, kusonyeza malo a makhiristo opangidwa bwino onyezimira ndi kuwala, kapena miyala yosalala yamadzi yokhala ndi kuwala kolimba ndi mtundu wa khalidwe. Choncho, amatsanzira chilengedwe popaka miyala yochepa yolimba ndi yolimba, kuwapatsa mawonekedwe ozungulira, koma asymmetrical, osakhazikika. Kupukutidwa kwa miyala kuti ikhale yofanana kunadza pambuyo pake. Popita nthawi, mawonekedwe amakono a cabochon adasinthika kuchokera ku mawonekedwe ozungulira; Palinso malo athyathyathya omwe amajambulapo. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, kukonza miyala yokhala ndi nkhope zokonzedwa bwino (mbali) kunadziwika mochedwa kwambiri kusiyana ndi kujambula kwa miyala. Miyala yathyathyathya yokhala ndi makoma osakanikirana, omwe timasilira masiku ano, adachokera ku Middle Ages kokha. 

Magawo a kupukuta diamondi

Pokonza diamondi, ocheka amawonekera kwambiri 7 magawo.Gawo loyamba - gawo lokonzekera, pomwe diamondi yoyipa imayesedwa mwatsatanetsatane. Zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe ndi mtundu wa kristalo, chiyero chake ndi mtundu wake. Maonekedwe osavuta a diamondi (kyubu, octahedron, rhombic dodecahedron) amasokonekera bwino muzochitika zachilengedwe. Nthawi zambiri, makhiristo a diamondi amakhala ndi nkhope zosalala komanso m'mbali zowongoka. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ozungulira mosiyanasiyana ndipo amapanga malo osagwirizana. Mawonekedwe a convex, concave kapena chigoba amakhala ambiri. Pa nthawi yomweyi, kuwonjezera pa mawonekedwe ophweka, ochulukirapo kapena ocheperapo, mawonekedwe ovuta amathanso kuwuka, omwe ali ophatikizana ndi mawonekedwe osavuta kapena mapasa awo. N'zothekanso maonekedwe a makristasi osokonezeka, omwe ataya mawonekedwe awo oyambirira a cube, octahedron kapena rhombic dodecahedron. Choncho, m'pofunika kuti mudziwe bwinobwino zofooka zonsezi zomwe zingakhudze njira yotsatira ya ndondomekoyi, ndikukonzekera ndondomekoyi kuti zokolola za diamondi zodulidwa zikhale zapamwamba kwambiri. Mtundu wa diamondi umagwirizana mwachindunji ndi mawonekedwe a makhiristo. Mwakutero, zidapezeka kuti orthorhombic dodecahedron nthawi zambiri imakhala yachikasu, pomwe ma octahedron nthawi zambiri amakhala opanda mtundu. Nthawi yomweyo, mu makhiristo ambiri, inhomogeneity yamitundu imatha kuchitika, yokhala ndi zonal komanso machulukitsidwe amtundu wosiyanasiyana. Choncho, kutsimikiza kolondola kwa kusiyana kumeneku kumathandizanso kwambiri pakukonza ndi khalidwe lotsatira la miyala yopukutidwa. Mfundo yachitatu yofunika kuzindikiridwa poyambira ndi kuyera kwa diamondi yoyipa. Choncho, mtundu ndi chikhalidwe cha inclusions, kukula, mawonekedwe a mapangidwe, kuchuluka ndi kugawa mu kristalo amafufuzidwa. Malo ndi kukula kwa zizindikiro za chip, ming'alu ya fracture ndi ming'alu ya kupsinjika maganizo, i.e. zosokoneza zonse zapangidwe zomwe zingakhudze njira yogaya ndikukhudza kuwunika kotsatira kwa mwala, kumatsimikiziridwanso. Pakalipano, njira za computed tomography zatsimikizira kuti ndizothandiza kwambiri pankhaniyi. Njirazi, chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo choyenera, zimapereka chithunzi cha katatu cha diamondi ndi zolakwika zake zonse zamkati, chifukwa chake, pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta, machitidwe onse okhudzana ndi kugaya akhoza kukonzedwa molondola. Cholepheretsa kwambiri kufalikira kwa njirayi ndi, mwatsoka, kukwera mtengo kwa chipangizocho, chifukwa chake ogaya ambiri amagwiritsabe ntchito njira zachikhalidwe zowonera, pogwiritsa ntchito "zenera" laling'ono lathyathyathya, lomwe kale limayikidwa pa mbali imodzi. wa kristalo.Gawo lachiwiri - kuwonongeka kwa kristalo. Opaleshoniyi nthawi zambiri imachitika pamiyala yosakula, yopunduka, yopindika kapena yoipitsidwa kwambiri. Ichi ndi ntchito yomwe imafuna chidziwitso ndi zochitika zambiri. Mfundo yofunika kwambiri ndi kugawa kristalo kotero kuti mbali zake sizikhala zazikulu monga momwe zingathere, komanso zoyera monga momwe zingathere, ndiko kuti, kuyenera kukonzedwanso kuyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi miyala yomwe ikukonzedwa. Chifukwa chake, pakugawikana, chidwi chochulukirapo chimaperekedwa osati pazida zolekanitsa (ndege za cleavage), komanso kuthekera munthawi yomweyo kuchotsa zolakwika zakunja ndi zamkati, monga ming'alu, ndege zamapasa, zowoneka bwino za cleavage, zofunikira, ndi zina zotero. Ndikoyenera kukumbukira kuti diamondiyo imadziwika ndi octahedral cleavage (pamodzi ndi (111) ndege), choncho malo omwe angathe kugawanika ndi ndege za octahedron. Zoonadi, kutanthauzira kwawo kolondola kwambiri, kumakhala kogwira mtima komanso kodalirika ntchito yonseyo idzakhala, makamaka poganizira kufooka kwakukulu kwa diamondi.Gawo lachitatu - macheka (kudula kristalo). Opaleshoniyi imachitidwa pa makhiristo akuluakulu opangidwa bwino ngati kyube, octahedron ndi orthorhombic dodecahedron, malinga ngati kugawidwa kwa kristalo kukhala magawo kunakonzedweratu. Kudula, macheka apadera (masaw) okhala ndi ma disc a phosphor amkuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito (chithunzi 3).Gawo Lachinayi - kugaya koyamba, komwe kumakhala ndi mapangidwe a chithunzi (mkuyu 3). Rondist amapangidwa, ndiye kuti, chingwe cholekanitsa chapamwamba (korona) mwala kuchokera kumunsi kwake (pavilion). Pankhani yodulidwa mwanzeru, rondist ili ndi ndondomeko yozungulira.Gawo Lachisanu - kupukuta kolondola, komwe kumaphatikizapo kugaya mbali yakutsogolo ya mwala, ndiye kolala ndi nkhope zazikulu za korona ndi pavilion (chithunzi 4). Njirayi imamaliza mapangidwe a nkhope zotsalira. Asanayambe ntchito yodula, miyala imasankhidwa kuti idziwe njira zodulira, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi anisotropy yomwe ilipo ya kuuma. Lamulo lalikulu popukuta diamondi ndikusunga pamwamba pa mwala wofanana ndi makoma a cube (100), makoma a octahedron (111) kapena makoma a diamondi dodecahedron (110) (mkuyu 4). Malingana ndi izi, mitundu itatu ya ma rhombus imasiyanitsidwa: rhombus yokhala ndi nsonga zinayi (mkuyu 4a), nsonga zitatu (mkuyu 4b) ndi nsonga ziwiri (mkuyu 5), mkuyu. mu). Zatsimikiziridwa moyesera kuti ndizosavuta kugaya ndege zofananira ndi axis of fourfold symmetry. Ndege zotere ndizo nkhope za cube ndi rhombic dodecahedron. Komanso, ndege za octahedron zotsatiridwa ndi nkhwangwazi ndizozovuta kwambiri kugaya. Ndipo popeza nkhope zambiri zopukutidwa zimangofanana kwambiri ndi mzere wachinayi wa symmetry axis, mayendedwe opera amasankhidwa omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi imodzi mwa nkhwangwa izi. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa anisotropy of hardness pa chitsanzo cha kudulidwa kowala kumawonetsedwa mkuyu. XNUMX.Gawo lachisanu ndi chimodzi - kupukuta, komwe ndi kupitiriza kugaya. Ma disc oyenerera opukutira ndi ma paste amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa izi.siteji yachisanu ndi chiwiri - kuyang'ana kulondola kwa odulidwa, kufanana kwake ndi kufanana, ndiyeno kuyeretsa ndi kuwira mu yankho la ma acid, makamaka sulfuric acid.

Kuwonjezeka kulemera

Kuchuluka kwa zokolola za diamondi zowonongeka zimatengera mawonekedwe awo (mawonekedwe), ndipo kufalikira kwa misa kungakhale kofunikira. Izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi ziwerengero zowerengeka, malinga ndi zomwe zokolola za diamondi zodulidwa kuchokera ku maonekedwe opangidwa bwino zimakhala pafupifupi 50-60% ya kulemera koyambirira, pamene ndi mawonekedwe opunduka bwino ndi pafupifupi 30%, ndipo ndi mawonekedwe athyathyathya, mapasa. ndi pafupifupi 10– 20% (chithunzi 5, 1-12).

NYERE YOLINGALIRA BRILLIARIA

rosette kudula

Kudula kwa rosette ndiko kudula koyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mbali zophwanyika. Dzina la mawonekedwewa limachokera ku duwa; ndi zotsatira za kugwirizanitsa kufanana kwina m'makonzedwe a mbali za mwala ndi makonzedwe a pamakhala a duwa lotukuka bwino. Kudulidwa kwa rosette kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 6; pakali pano, sichigwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri ndipo makamaka pokonza zidutswa zing'onozing'ono za miyala, zomwe zimatchedwa. makle. Mu nthawi ya Victorian, idagwiritsidwa ntchito pogaya garnet yofiira kwambiri, yomwe inali yapamwamba kwambiri panthawiyo. Miyala yam'mbali imakhala ndi mbali yakumtunda yokha, pomwe m'munsi mwake ndi tsinde lopukutidwa. Kumtunda kumapangidwa ngati piramidi yokhala ndi nkhope za katatu zomwe zimasinthasintha pamakona akulu kapena ochepera kumtunda. Njira yosavuta yodulira rosette ikuwonetsedwa mkuyu. 7. Mitundu ina ya kudula kwa rosette ikudziwika panopa. Izi zikuphatikizapo: Dutch rosette (mkuyu 7 a), Antwerp kapena Brabant rosette (mkuyu XNUMX b) ndi ena ambiri. Pankhani ya mawonekedwe awiri, omwe angafotokozedwe ngati kugwirizana kofunikira kwa mitundu iwiri imodzi, socket iwiri ya Dutch imapezeka.

Kudula matailosi

Ichi mwina ndi gawo loyamba lodulidwa lomwe limasinthidwa ndi mawonekedwe a octagonal a diamondi crystal. Mawonekedwe ake osavuta amafanana ndi octahedron yokhala ndi ma vertices awiri odulidwa. Kumtunda, galasi pamwamba ndi lofanana ndi theka la mtanda gawo la octahedron mu gawo lalikulu kwambiri, m'munsi ndi theka. Kudula matailosi kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi Amwenye akale. Anabweretsedwa ku Ulaya mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu ndi Nuremberg grinders. Pali mitundu yambiri yodula bolodi, yomwe imatchedwa Mazarin cut (Mkuyu 8a) ndi Peruzzi (Fig. 8b), yofalikira ku France ndi Italy m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. Pakalipano, kudula matayala kumagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri; Miyala yodulidwa motere imakhala ngati zophimba zazing'ono zosiyanasiyana zophatikizidwa, mwachitsanzo, mu mphete.

anaponda kudula

Chitsanzo cha mtundu uwu wa kudula, tsopano chofala kwambiri, chinali chodulidwa matayala. Amadziwika ndi malo aakulu athyathyathya (gulu) atazunguliridwa ndi mbali zingapo zamakona anayi ofanana ndi masitepe. Pamwamba pa mwalawo, mbali zake zimakula pang’onopang’ono, zikutsika motsetsereka mpaka m’mphepete mwake; m'munsi mwa mwalawo, mbali zofanana zamakona anayi zimawoneka, zotsika pang'onopang'ono kutsika pansi pamunsi. Maonekedwe a mwalawo amatha kukhala apakati, amakona anayi, katatu, rhombic kapena zokongola: kite, nyenyezi, kiyi, etc. Kudulidwa kozungulira kapena kozungulira ndi ngodya zodulidwa (mzere wa octagonal wa mwala mu ndege ya rondist) amatchedwa emerald cut (mkuyu 9). Miyala yaying'ono, yopindika ndi yotalikirapo, yamakona anayi kapena trapezoidal, imadziwika kuti baguettes (French baquette) (Mkuyu 10 a, b); Kusiyanasiyana kwawo ndi mwala wodulidwa masitepe otchedwa carré (mkuyu 10c).

Mabala akale owala

Muzodzikongoletsera zodzikongoletsera, nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti diamondi imakhala ndi kudula komwe kumakhala kosiyana kwambiri ndi "zabwino". Nthawi zambiri, awa ndi diamondi zakale zopangidwa m'zaka za zana la 11 kapena koyambirira. Ma diamondi oterowo sawonetsa mawonekedwe odabwitsa ngati omwe amadulidwa masiku ano. Ma diamondi amtundu wakale wonyezimira amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri, pomwe pano ndipakatikati mwa zaka za zana la 12. Ma diamondi am'nthawi zakale amakhala ndi mawonekedwe amwala ofanana ndi lalikulu (wotchedwa cushion), okhala ndi zowoneka bwino kapena zochepa. mbali. , mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe a nkhope, maziko aakulu kwambiri ndi zenera laling'ono (mkuyu XNUMX). Ma diamondi odulidwa pambuyo pa nthawiyi amakhalanso ndi malo ang'onoang'ono komanso kansalu kakang'ono kakang'ono, komabe, ndondomeko ya mwala ndi yozungulira kapena pafupi ndi kuzungulira ndipo mawonekedwe a mbali ndi ofanana kwambiri (mkuyu XNUMX).

BRILLIANT CUT

Mitundu yambiri yodula kwambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati diamondi, motero dzina loti "wanzeru" nthawi zambiri limatengedwa kuti ndi lofanana ndi dzina la diamondi. Kudula kwabwinoko kudapangidwa m'zaka za zana la 13 (mabuku ena amati adadziwika kale m'zaka za zana la 33) ndi wopukusira waku Venetian Vincenzio Peruzzi. Mawu amakono akuti "diamondi" (mkuyu 25, a) amatanthauza mawonekedwe ozungulira ndi mbali 1 kumtunda (korona), kuphatikizapo galasi, ndi m'munsi (pavilion) ndi nkhope 8, kuphatikizapo makola. Nkhope zotsatirazi zimasiyanitsidwa: 8) kumtunda (korona) - zenera, nkhope 16 pawindo, 13 nkhope zazikulu za korona, 2 nkhope za rondist korona (mkuyu 8 b); 16) m'munsi (pavilion) - 13 nkhope zazikulu za pavilion, nkhope XNUMX za rondist pavilion, tsar (Fig. XNUMX c) Mzere wolekanitsa kumtunda ndi pansi umatchedwa rondist; imapereka chitetezo ku kuwonongeka kwa mbali zolumikizana za mbali. 

Onaninso athu chidziwitso cha miyala ina yamtengo wapatali:

• Diamondi / diamondi
• Ruby
• ametusito
• Aquamarine
• Agate
• ametrine
• Safira
• Emerald
• Topazi
• Tsimofan
• Yade
• morganite
• kulira
• Peridot
• Alexandrite
• Heliodor