Zojambula za Chicano: Mizu, Cultural References, ndi Ojambula

1. Buku
2. Miyeso
3. Chicano

Bukuli la ma tattoo a Chicano limayang'ana mbiri yakale, zikhalidwe, komanso akatswiri ojambula omwe adziwa bwino ntchitoyo.

Payas, maluwa obiriwira, Virgin Marys ndi rozari zovuta ndizo zinthu zoyamba zomwe zimabwera m'maganizo mukaganizira za ma tattoo a Chicano. Ndipo ngakhale zili zoona kuti izi ndi zina mwazinthu zazikulu za kalembedwe, kachigawo kakang'ono ka tattoo kamakhala ndi kuya ngati ena. Kuchokera ku mbiri yakale ya Los Angeles kupita ku zinthu zakale za Aztec komanso zithunzi za Roma Katolika, bukhuli la kujambula tattoo ku Chicano silikungoyang'ana osati mbiri yakale, zolemba ndi zikhalidwe, komanso ojambula omwe adziwa bwino lusoli.

Mizu Yambiri ya Tattoo ya Chicano

Mawonekedwe osalala a imvi amatsindika njira yowonetsera zambiri za kayendetsedwe ka ma tattoo a Chicano. Poganizira momwe adayambira pa kujambula kwa pensulo ndi ballpoint, sizodabwitsa kuti mwamalembedwe, zojambulazo zimaphatikiza njirazi ndi chikhalidwe cholemera kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri amadziwa bwino ntchito ya Frida Kahlo ndi Diego Rivera, ojambula ena monga Yesu Helguera, Maria Izquierdo ndi David Alfaro Siqueiros akhalanso patsogolo pakupanga zojambulajambula za ku Mexico. Ntchito yawo, pamodzi ndi akatswiri ena a ku South America, makamaka ankasonyeza mikangano ya ndale, mabanja, ndi mafanizo a moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Ngakhale kuti ntchitozi zingawonekere kutali ndi zojambula zamakono za Chicano, maphunziro ophiphiritsa ndi njira zowonetsera zomwe zimagwirizanitsa zenizeni ndi surrealism zimalongosola chifukwa chake zambiri zamakono zamakono za Chicano zimakhala ndi maonekedwe ake omwe amadziwika.

Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi zojambulajambula zambiri, zokongoletsa ndi luso zimatha kubwerekedwa, koma chomwe chili chapadera pa kalembedwe ka tattoo ndi chikhalidwe ndi zakale kumbuyo; Ojambula aku Chicano ali ndi cholowa champhamvu chafilosofi komanso ndale. Ndi mbiri yomwe imaphatikizapo anthu otsutsa kwambiri monga Francisco Madero ndi Emiliano Zapata, n'zosadabwitsa kuti kuyambira ku Revolution ya Mexican kupita ku chikhalidwe cha Pachuco chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1940 ndi kupitirira apo, zolemba za chikhalidwe ndi ndale zakhala zikukhudza kwambiri zojambulajambula za Chicano zamakono. Ngakhale zaka za m'ma 40 zisanafike, pamene achinyamata a ku Mexican America ndi anthu a zikhalidwe zina zazing'ono amagwiritsa ntchito Zoot Suits kuti asonyeze kusakhutira kwawo ndi ndale zachikhalidwe za ku America ndi ndale, mawu a stylistic stylistic nthawi zambiri ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chothandiza. Frescoes ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito nthawi zambiri pokambirana za malamulo a boma ndi boma.

Zolemba Zachikhalidwe mu Chicano Tattoos

Chifukwa chomwe ma tattoo ambiri a Chicano amamverera amunthu ndi chifukwa ndi. Osamuka omwe adachoka ku Mexico kupita kumadera ena a Texas ndi California adakakamizika kusalidwa chifukwa cha tsankho, tsankho komanso tsankho. Ngakhale kuti izi zinayambitsa kumenyana koopsa kwa anthu othawa kwawo, zimatanthauzanso kuti chikhalidwe chawo chinali chotetezedwa ndikusungidwa kwa mibadwomibadwo. Pamene kusamuka kunafika pachimake kuyambira m’ma 1920 kufika m’ma 1940, achinyamata ambiri a ku Chicano analimbana ndi mmene zinthu zinalili. Mu 1943, izi zidafika pachimake pa zipolowe za Zoot zomwe zidayambika ndi imfa ya wachinyamata wachi Puerto Rico ku Los Angeles. Izi zingawoneke ngati zopanda pake kumbuyo kwa kalembedwe ka tattoo ya Chicano, koma iyi sinali yoyamba komanso yomaliza ya kuponderezedwa kwa chikhalidwe. Si chinsinsi kuti mkangano waukuluwu udachititsa kuti anthu amangidwe, zomwe nthawi zambiri zinkachitika chifukwa cha chitsenderezo cha anthu osamukira kumayiko ena. Kusintha kwandale kumeneku mosakayikira kudakhudzanso kukongola kwa Chicano.

Pambuyo pa kutha kwa chikhalidwe cha pachuco, moyo ku Los Angeles unasintha. Ana ankagulitsa masuti awo a Zoot kuti agule khaki ndi bandanas owoneka bwino ndikufotokozeranso zomwe kukhala Chicano kumatanthauza m'badwo wawo. Njira zama stylistic zidatulukira zomwe zidakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi moyo wandende. Pogwiritsa ntchito zida zochepa zomwe anali nazo mndende kapena barrio yomwe ili pafupi ndi malo a Los Angeles, ojambulawo adakoka mtima kuchokera pazomwe adakumana nazo pamoyo wawo. Zithunzi zamagulu a zigawenga, akazi okongola, magalimoto owoneka bwino okhala ndi zilembo za filigree, ndi mitanda yachikatolika idasinthika mwachangu kuchokera ku zithunzi zojambula pamanja monga mipango yokongoletsedwa ndi cholembera chotchedwa Paños kukhala ma tattoo a Chicano. Akaidiwo anagwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru kupanga makina odzilemba mphini, pogwiritsa ntchito inki yakuda kapena yabuluu yokhayo, kufotokoza zimene ankadziwa bwino kwambiri. Mofanana ndi anthu ambiri amene amakonda kwambiri luso lojambula mphini, luso limeneli linkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yokhala ndi thupi, kudzionetsera, komanso kusonyeza kuyandikana ndi zinthu zimene zinali pafupi kwambiri.

M'malo mwake, zovuta za chithunzi cha tattoo cha Chicano ndizokhazikika m'mbiri ya chipwirikiti chamitundu komanso ufulu wodziyimira pawokha womwe umakhala wovuta kuti akunja amvetsetse. Komabe, ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri la chikhalidwe cha West Coast kotero kuti mbali zambiri zokongoletsedwerazo zatengedwa ndi anthu ambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuzipeza komanso kuyamikiridwa kwambiri. Mafilimu monga Mi Vida Loca ndi magazini yachinsinsi ya Teen Angels ali ndi mzimu wa sitayelo yomwe mwina inachokera ku ziwawa zakale koma inali chinthu chenicheni cha chikondi ndi chilakolako. Kutsegulidwa kwa masitolo ngati Tattooland ya Good Time Charlie ndi ojambula ngati Freddy Negrete, omwe adayambitsa gulu la Los Angeles Chicano kuyambira zaka za m'ma 70 mpaka pano, abweretsa zokongoletsa kutsogolo kwa gulu la tattoo. Cholas, Payasas, Lowriders, zolemba, misonzi yoimira otayika: zonsezi ndi zina zakhala njira yamoyo yomwe imawonetsedwa muzojambula zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zojambula za Chicano. Zojambulajambulazi zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi anthu ammudzi chifukwa zimakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi mbiri yawo, mbiri yawo. Umboni wa mphamvu ya zithunzizi ndikuti kufikira ndi kuzindikira kwamtunduwu kumapitilira kukula.

Chithunzi cha tattoo cha Chicano

Monga momwe zilili ndi zithunzi zambiri zama tattoo, malingaliro ambiri opangira ma tattoo a Chicano ndi ofunikira. Zambiri mwazinthu zazikuluzikuluzi zimalumikizidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha Chicano. Zojambula zokhala ndi otsika, choyimira china chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1940 ndi 50s zomwe zimatsutsana ndi kukongola kwa Chingerezi, ng'ombe zamphongo, madayisi ndi makadi, amalankhula ndi moyo wa Los Angeles. Zojambula zosonyeza ma cholo ndi makanda awo a "drive or die" ndi mapangidwe ena omwe nthawi zambiri amaphatikiza kuyamikira kwa akaidi pa chikhalidwe cha galimoto ndi kulakalaka wokondedwa wawo wapanja. Mwina Payasas, kutanthauza "clown" m'Chisipanishi, ndi ena mwa zithunzi zodziwika bwino mu kalembedwe kameneka. Polimbikitsidwa ndi zigoba zochititsa chidwi komanso zoseketsa zomwe nthawi zambiri amafanana nazo, zithunzizi zimanena za zovuta ndi chisangalalo m'moyo. Mawu akuti "Smile now, cry later" nthawi zambiri amatsagana ndi ntchitozi. Mitima Yopatulika, Namwali Maria, Zigaza za Shuga, Manja Opemphera ndi zina zotero ndi zithunzi zobwerekedwa kuchokera ku zolemba zakale za zizindikiro za Roma Katolika ndi oyera mtima; chipembedzochi chimadziwika kwambiri ku North America, ndipo pafupifupi 85% ya anthu a ku Mexico amachichita okha.

Ojambula tattoo ku Chicano Tattooing

Ojambula ambiri a ma tattoo omwe amagwira ntchito mu kalembedwe ka tattoo ku Chicano ali mgulu la anthu aku Chicano. Pali mbali yofunika kwambiri yosunga ndi kulemekeza cholowa chomwe chimapangitsa kugawa kukhala kovuta; zingakhale zovuta kubwereza zithunzi ngati palibe kumvetsetsa kwenikweni ndi kulumikizana kwaumwini. Komabe, zojambulajambula ndizofala kwambiri m'mbiri ya kujambula kotero kuti ojambula ambiri adziwa bwino kukongola ndipo akuthandiza kusunga ndi kufalitsa mbali yofunika kwambiri ya chikhalidwe cha tattoo. Chuco Moreno, Freddy Negrete, Chui Quintanar ndi Tamara Santibanez ali patsogolo pa kujambula kwamakono kwa Chicano. Monga momwe zilili zaluso, wojambula aliyense amatha kugwira ntchito molingana ndi stylistic iconography, ndikupangitsa kukhudza kwamunthu payekha. Kuchokera ku zenizeni zakuda ndi imvi mpaka zithunzi za graphite komanso ngakhale kalembedwe ka Chicano ku America, kalembedwe ka tattoo ku Chicano kumaphatikiza zambiri za chikhalidwe cha ma tattoo munjira zingapo zokongola komanso zowoneka bwino. Ojambula ena omwe ali ndi kalembedwe kosiyana ndi Freddy Negret, Bambo Cartoon, El Whyner, Panchos Placas, Javier DeLuna, Jason Ochoa ndi Jose Araujo Martinez. Ngakhale kuti ambiri mwa ojambula tattoo amenewa satsatira kwambiri masitayelo, n’zachionekere kuti aliyense amayamikira chikhalidwe chawo komanso zimene akudziwa. Izi zikuonekera bwino m’ntchito yawo yolemekezedwa kwambiri.

Ndizovuta kuganiza za ma tattoo a Chicano opanda mbiri, ndale komanso filosofi. Ntchito zambiri za mbiri yakale komanso zandale zomwe zidapangidwa m'mbuyomu zidakali zofunikirabe mpaka pano. Koma ndi gawo la zomwe zimapangitsa kuti sitayelo ikhale yosangalatsa. Chikhalidwecho chinawonetsedwa bwino kudzera muzojambulazi ndipo chikupitirizabe kukopa anthu padziko lonse lapansi.

By Justin Morrow