Mbiri Yachidule ya Zida Zojambula

Kujambula zithunzi ndizojambula zaka mazana ambiri, ndipo kwa zaka zambiri pakhala kusintha kwakukulu kwa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndondomekoyi. Werengani kuti mudziwe momwe zida za tattoo zidasinthira kuchokera ku singano zakale zamkuwa ndi tchiselo zopangidwa kuchokera ku mafupa kupita kumakina amakono a tattoo monga timawadziwira.

Zida zama tattoo zakale zaku Egypt

Zojambula zophiphiritsa za nyama ndi milungu yakale zapezeka pamitembo ya ku Aigupto yazaka zapakati pa 3351-3017 BC. Mitundu ya kangaude ya geometric idagwiritsidwanso ntchito pakhungu ngati chitetezo ku mizimu yoyipa ngakhale imfa.

Mapangidwe awa adapangidwa kuchokera ku pigment yopangidwa ndi kaboni, mwina wakuda wa kaboni, yomwe idabayidwa munsanjika yakhungu pogwiritsa ntchito chida chojambula cha singano zambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti madera akuluakulu atha kukumbidwa mwachangu komanso mizere ya madontho kapena mizere kupanga pamodzi.

Nsonga iliyonse ya singano inapangidwa kuchokera ku kachidutswa kakang'ono ka mkuwa, kopinda mkati kumapeto ndi kuumbika. Kenako singano zingapo ankazimanga pamodzi, n’kuzimanga pachokondora chathabwa, n’kuziviika mu mwaye kuti alowetse khungulo.

Ta Moko Instruments

Zojambulajambula za ku Polynesia zimatchuka chifukwa cha mapangidwe awo okongola komanso mbiri yakale. Makamaka, ma tattoo a Maori, omwe amadziwikanso kuti Ta Moko, amachitidwa ndi anthu aku New Zealand. Zolemba izi zinali ndipo zikadali zopatulika kwambiri. Pogogomezera kudzilemba mphini kumaso, kamangidwe kalikonse kanagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza umembala wa fuko linalake, ndi malo enieni osonyeza udindo ndi udindo.

Pachizoloŵezi, chida cha tattoo chotchedwa ukhi, chopangidwa kuchokera ku fupa lakuthwa ndi chogwirira chamatabwa, chinkagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapangidwe apadera odzaza. Komabe, inki yoyakayo isanayambe kuikidwa, inkiyo inkayamba kudulidwa pakhungu. Pigmentyo idalowetsedwa m'makolawa pogwiritsa ntchito chida chonga chisel cha inchi ¼.

Mofanana ndi miyambo ina yambiri ya mafuko a zilumba za Polynesia, a Ta Moko anafa kwambiri chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 19 pambuyo pa utsamunda. Komabe, idakhalanso ndi chitsitsimutso chodabwitsa chifukwa cha Amaori amakono omwe ali ndi chidwi chosunga miyambo yawo.

Njira za Dayak Tattoo

A Dayaks aku Borneo ndi fuko lina lomwe lakhala likuchita zojambulajambula kwazaka mazana ambiri. Pojambula mphini, singanoyo inkapangidwa kuchokera ku minga ya mtengo wa malalanje ndipo inkiyo inkapangidwa ndi mwaye wosakaniza ndi shuga. Mapangidwe a tattoo a Dayak ndi opatulika, ndipo pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe munthu wa fuko lino atha kujambula tattoo: kukondwerera chochitika chapadera, kutha msinkhu, kubadwa kwa mwana, chikhalidwe cha anthu kapena zokonda, ndi zina zambiri.

Zida za Tattoo za Haida

Anthu a mtundu wa Haida anakhala pachilumba china chakumadzulo kwa gombe la Canada kwa zaka pafupifupi 12,500. Ngakhale zida zawo zimafanana ndi zida za ku Japan za tebori, njira yogwiritsira ntchito ndi yosiyana, monganso miyambo yomwe imaphatikizidwa ndi gawo lopatulika la tattoo.

Via Lars Krutak: "Zolemba za Haida zidawoneka ngati zasowa pofika 1885. Mwachizoloŵezi, zinkachitika pamodzi ndi mphika pokondwerera kutha kwa nyumba ya matabwa a mkungudza ndi mzati wake wakutsogolo. Potlatches anaphatikizapo kugawira katundu wa mwiniwake (mkulu wa nyumba) kwa iwo omwe adagwira ntchito zofunika pakumanga kwenikweni kwa nyumbayo. Mphatso iliyonse inawonjezera udindo wa mutu wa nyumbayo ndi banja lake ndipo makamaka inapindulitsa ana a mwini nyumbayo. Pambuyo pa kusinthanitsa kwa nthawi yayitali, mwana aliyense wa mkulu wa nyumbayo adalandira dzina latsopano la potlatch ndi chizindikiro chamtengo wapatali, chomwe chinawapatsa udindo wapamwamba.

Ndodo zazitali zokhala ndi singano zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kupaka, ndipo miyala ya bulauni inkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati inki. Katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu J. G. Swan, yemwe adawona mwambo wa tattoo wa Haida cha m'ma 1900, adasonkhanitsa zida zawo zambiri ndikulemba mafotokozedwe atsatanetsatane pamalembawo. Mmodzi wa iwo anati: “Utoto Wamiyala Wopera Lignite Wopenta Kapena Wojambula. Pakupenta amapakidwa ndi salmon caviar, ndipo polemba mphini amathiridwa ndi madzi.

Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, anthu a Haida ndi amodzi mwa mafuko ochepa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito utoto wofiira, komanso wakuda, kuti apange zojambula zawo zamitundu.

Zida zama tattoo zakale zamakono

Thai Sak Yant

Miyambo yakale kwambiri ya ku Thailand imeneyi inayamba m’zaka za m’ma 16 pamene Naresuan ankalamulira ndipo asilikali ake ankafuna chitetezo chauzimu asanapite kunkhondo. Idakali yotchuka mpaka lero, ndipo pali ngakhale holide yachipembedzo yapachaka yoperekedwa kwa ilo.

Yant ndi mapangidwe opatulika a geometric omwe amapereka madalitso osiyanasiyana komanso chitetezo kudzera m'masalimo achibuda. Akaphatikizidwa, "Sak Yant" amatanthauza tattoo yamatsenga. Panthawi yodzilemba mphini, mapemphero amaimbidwa kuti tattooyo ikhale ndi mphamvu zoteteza mwauzimu. Zimakhulupirira kuti kuyandikira chojambulacho ndi mutu wanu, mudzakhala ndi mwayi.

Mwachikhalidwe, amonke achi Buddha amagwiritsa ntchito nsonga zazitali zopangidwa ndi nsungwi zakuthwa kapena zitsulo ngati zida za tattoo. Izi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma tattoo a Sak Yant, omwe amafanana ndi tapestry. Mtundu uwu wa tattoo wogwiritsidwa ntchito pamanja umafuna manja onse awiri: imodzi kutsogolera chida ndi ina kugogoda kumapeto kwa shaft kukankhira inki pakhungu. Mafuta amagwiritsidwanso ntchito nthawi zina kupanga chithumwa chomwe sichiwoneka kwa ena.

Tebori waku Japan

Njira ya tattoo ya tebori idayamba m'zaka za zana la 17 ndipo idakhala yotchuka kwazaka zambiri. Ndipotu, mpaka zaka 40 zapitazo, zojambulajambula zonse ku Japan zinkachitidwa pamanja.

Tebori kwenikweni amatanthauza "kusema ndi manja" ndipo mawuwa amachokera ku luso la matabwa; kupanga masitampu amatabwa osindikizira zithunzi pamapepala. Kujambula zithunzi kumagwiritsa ntchito chida chojambulira chokhala ndi singano zingapo zomata pandodo yamatabwa kapena yachitsulo yotchedwa Nomi.

Ojambula amagwiritsira ntchito Nomi ndi dzanja limodzi pamene akugwiritsa ntchito dzanja lina kuti alowetse inki pakhungu pogwiritsa ntchito mayendedwe amphamvu. Izi ndizochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi kujambula kwamagetsi, koma zimatha kupanga zotsatira zolemera komanso kusintha kosavuta pakati pa mithunzi.

Wojambula wa Tokyo tebori wotchedwa Ryugen adauza CNN kuti zidamutengera zaka 7 kuti akwaniritse luso lake: "Zimatenga nthawi yayitali kuti adziwe luso kuposa (kugwiritsa ntchito tattoo) pamakina. Ndikuganiza kuti izi ndichifukwa pali magawo ambiri monga ngodya, liwiro, mphamvu, nthawi ndi nthawi pakati pa "poke".

Edison pen

Mwinanso wodziwika bwino popanga babu ndi kamera ya kanema, Thomas Edison adapanganso cholembera chamagetsi mu 1875. Poyambirira kuti apange zobwereza za chikalata chomwecho pogwiritsa ntchito stencil ndi chogudubuza inki, mwatsoka sichinayambe chatchuka.

Cholembera cha Edison chinali chida chamanja chokhala ndi mota yamagetsi yokwera pamwamba. Zimenezi zinafuna kuti woyendetsa galimotoyo azidziŵa bwino batireyo kuti aisungire bwino, ndipo mataipi anali kupezeka mosavuta kwa munthu wamba.

Komabe, ngakhale kulephera kwake koyamba, cholembera chamagetsi cha Edison chinatsegula njira ya chida chosiyana kwambiri: makina ojambulira amagetsi oyamba.

Makina amagetsi amagetsi a O'Reilly

Zaka 15 Edison atapanga cholembera chake chamagetsi, wojambula ma tattoo waku Ireland-America Samuel O'Reilly adalandira chiphaso cha US cha singano yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Atadzipangira mbiri m'makampani opanga ma tattoo kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1880 ku New York City, O'Reilly adayamba kuyesa. Cholinga chake: chida chofulumizitsa ndondomekoyi.

Mu 1891, molimbikitsidwa ndi ukadaulo wogwiritsidwa ntchito mu cholembera cha Edison, O'Reilly adawonjezera singano ziwiri, chosungira cha inki, ndikusintha mbali ya mbiya. Kotero makina oyambirira a tattoo a rotary anabadwa.

Makinawa amatha kung'ambika pakhungu 50 pa sekondi imodzi, osachepera 47 kuposa wojambula wamanja wothamanga kwambiri komanso wodziwa zambiri, makinawo adasinthiratu makampani opanga ma tattoo ndikusintha momwe zida zamtsogolo zidzakhalire.

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ojambula ochokera padziko lonse lapansi ayamba kupanga makina awo. Tom Riley waku London anali woyamba kulandira chivomerezo cha ku Britain cha makina ake a koyilo imodzi opangidwa kuchokera pagulu losinthidwa lachitseko, patangopita masiku 20 O'Reilly atalandira yake.

Zaka zitatu pambuyo pake, atagwira ntchito ndi zida zamanja kwa zaka zingapo, Riley Sutherland mdani wake MacDonald nayenso adapanga makina ake amagetsi amagetsi. M'nkhani ya 1895 mu The Sketch, mtolankhani anafotokoza makina a MacDonald ngati "chida chaching'ono [chomwe] chimapanga phokoso lachilendo."

Zida zamakono za tattoo

Mofulumira mpaka 1929: Wojambula zithunzi waku America Percy Waters adapanga makina ojambulira amakono oyamba okhala ndi mawonekedwe odziwika bwino. Atapanga ndi kupanga masitayelo 14 a mafelemu, ena mwa mafelemu amene akugwiritsidwabe ntchito mpaka pano, anakhala mtsogoleri padziko lonse popanga zida zodzikongoletsera.

Zingatenge zaka 50 wina aliyense asanakhale ndi makina a tattoo. Mu 1978, Carole "Smokey" Nightingale wobadwira ku Canada adapanga "chipangizo chamagetsi cholembera anthu mphini" chokhala ndi mitundu yonse yazinthu zomwe mungasinthire makonda.

Poganizira momwe kupambana mwangozi kwa Edison ndi Nightingale kunathandizira kukonza makampani amakono a tattoo omwe akukula kwambiri monga tikudziwira, tingayerekeze kunena kuti nthawi ndi nthawi mutha kuphunzirapo kanthu pa zolephera zazing'ono ...