Hieronymus Bosch Munda wa Zosangalatsa Zapadziko Lapansi. Zithunzi 5 zosangalatsa kwambiri pazithunzi

"Garden of Earthly Delights" ya Bosch ndi chojambula chodabwitsa kwambiri cha Middle Ages. Imadzaza ndi zizindikiro zosamvetsetseka kwa munthu wamakono. Kodi mbalame zazikuluzikuluzi ndi zipatso, zilombo ndi nyama zochititsa chidwi zimatanthauza chiyani? Kodi banja lotayirira kwambiri likubisala kuti? Ndipo ndi zolemba zotani zomwe zapakidwa pabulu wa wochimwa?

Yang'anani mayankho m'nkhani:

Munda wa Bosch Wosangalatsa Padziko Lapansi. Kodi tanthauzo la chithunzi chodabwitsa kwambiri cha Middle Ages ndi chiyani.

"7 mwa zinsinsi zodabwitsa kwambiri pajambula" Garden of Earthly Delights "ndi Bosch."

Zinsinsi 5 zapamwamba za Bosch's Garden of Earthly Delights.

tsamba "Diary ya kujambula. Pa chithunzi chilichonse pali nkhani, choikidwiratu, chinsinsi.”

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Bosch's Garden of Earthly Delights (1510) ndi chimodzi mwazojambula modabwitsa kwambiri zomwe zidapangidwapo. Nthaŵi zambiri sasiya aliyense kukhala wopanda chidwi.

Koma popeza linalengedwa zaka 500 zapitazo, tanthauzo lake n’losamveka kwa ife. Kupatula apo, malingaliro adziko amakono ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi akale, ozikidwa pa zipembedzo za Orthodox. Chifukwa chake, "rebus" ya Bosch imatha kuthetsedwa munthawi yanthawi yake.

Izi ndi zomwe ndiyesera kuchita poyankha mafunso 5 a chithunzichi.

1. N’cifukwa ciani wocimwa wa ku Gahena amafanana ndi Hava m’Paradaiso?

Ndinaona kuti mkazi yemweyo amapezeka pa mapiko onse atatu a triptych. Eva m’Paradaiso ali wofanana kwambiri ndi mkazi wa kumunda wa chisangalalo ndi m’modzi mwa ochimwa ku Gahena.

Bosch anali munthu wachipembedzo, choncho n’kutheka kuti anaganiza zosonyeza “njira yochokera kumwamba yopita ku gehena” ya munthu woyamba kuchimwa padziko lapansi.

Monga tikudziwira m’Baibulo, Hava anadya apulo wa mtengo woletsedwawo kuti akhale ngati Mulungu, wakudziwa zabwino ndi zoipa. Iye sanamvere Mlengi wake, n’kugwera ku uchimo wa munthu woyamba—kunyada.

Eva analapa, koma zinali mochedwa kwambiri. Kuthamangitsidwa m’Paradaiso kunali kosapeŵeka. Mulungu analamula Hava ndi Adamu kuti akhale ndi moyo wapadziko lapansi ndi kupita ku Gahena, kumene adzakhala zaka zoposa 5000 Kudzako kusanachitike.

M’munda wa Zosangalatsa, Hava satenga nawo mbali pa zimene zikuchitika. Anatsitsa maso ake modzichepetsa pamene atalapa tchimo lake. Wavala duwa loonekera pamutu pake. Mwina ichi ndi chizindikiro cha kusagwirizana ndi kusafuna kunena chilichonse, monga momwe zimakhalira munthu wodzichepetsa.

Koma chilango nchosapeweka, ndipo Hawa adapita kumoto. Apa akulangidwa chifukwa cha kunyada kwake. Choncho, ayenera kuyang'ana kusinkhasinkha kwake kwa nthawi yaitali kwambiri kuti kudzichepetsa kwake kusakhale ndi mapeto. Ali ndi chule pachifuwa chake, chomwe m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages chinalinso chizindikiro cha swagger ndi zopanda pake zopanda pake.

Ku Gahena, Eva mwina ali ndi nkhope yodzichepetsa kwambiri komanso ngakhale yodekha. Ndipotu mosiyana ndi anthu ena, iye ankadziwa kuti afika kuno.

2. Kodi ndi anthu otani amene ali m’munda wa Zosangalatsa amene akukhala m’bwalo?

Pa ngodya yakumanja ya Munda wa Zosangalatsa (chigawo chapakati cha triptych) tikuwona anthu atatu akuyang'ana kunja kwa khola. Matupi awo amadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa tsitsi. Iwo ndi ndani?

Zikuoneka kuti awa ndi anthu akutchire. Anthu amtchire adawonetsedwa amaliseche, omwe thupi lawo liri ndi tsitsi, kupatula nkhope ndi khosi, manja, mapazi, mawondo ndi mabere mwa akazi.

Nkhani ya anthu akuthengo inali yokondedwa kwambiri m’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages. Zithunzi zawo nthawi zambiri zimapezeka pazitsulo ndi mbale za Middle Ages.

Kwa anthu wamba, anali ankhanza, omasuka kwambiri pankhani ya chikondi ndi moyo wonse. Nzosadabwitsa kuti Bosch adawajambula pachithunzi chodzipatulira ku uchimo wodzikuza. Ndipotu, iwo anali chizindikiro cha chilakolako ndi zosangalatsa za thupi.

Mwa njira, chifaniziro cha munthu wakuthengo muzojambula za Bosch ndi zofanana kwambiri ndi zachinyamata za Jean Bourdichon (1457-1521), wojambula wa psalters ndi ola mabuku a zaka za m'ma 15-16.

Ndikhoza kuganiza kuti zojambula za Bourdichon zinalengedwa pamaso pa "Garden of Earthly Delights" ndipo zinatengedwa ndi Bosch monga maziko olembera anthu ake akutchire.

3. Nchifukwa chiyani zilombo za Bosch, monga "hodgepodge", zimakhala ndi zigawo za zolengedwa zosiyanasiyana?

Gahena la Bosch ladzaza ndi zoopsa. Ndi phindu lanji chiwanda chofunika kwambiri ndi nkhope ya munthu, thupi la dzira la dzenje ndi miyendo yamtengo. Zilombo zing'onozing'ono sizikhala zochititsa chidwi, monga, mwachitsanzo, cholengedwa chokhala ndi mutu wa mbalame, mapiko agulugufe ndi miyendo ya zala zitatu (pamiyendo ya dzira la ziwanda).

Inali mfundo ya anthu a m’nthawi ya Bosch kuti zolengedwa zonse zinalengedwa m’chifanizo ndi m’chifaniziro cha Mulungu. Ndipo chilichonse chimene chili ndi maonekedwe oipa ndi chonyansa ndicho mbadwa ya Mdyerekezi.

Choncho, pofuna kutsindika chikhalidwe chaudierekezi cha cholengedwacho momwe angathere, adawonetsedwa ngati mutu wamutu momwe angathere. Ndipo izi zidatheka polumikiza michira ya nsomba kwa akalulu, ndi mbalame - nkhono m'malo mwa mutu.

Ngati mutsegula bukhu lililonse la Middle Ages, pamasamba ake mudzapeza zolengedwa zambiri zachilendo-okonza.

Nazi zitsanzo zochepa chabe:

Pa nthawi ya Bosch, pamakhala zithunzi zambiri za zilombo ndi zolengedwa zoopsa. Ndidapeza kachidutswa kakang'ono kochokera m'buku lowonera zakale, lopangidwa Bosch asanabadwe.

Pamwamba pake tikuwona Gahena, yodzaza ndi ziwanda. Ambiri aiwo ali m'mawonekedwe awo - ziwanda zokhala ndi nyanga ndi michira. Komabe, pakati pawo pali chilombo kwambiri mu mzimu wa Bosch.

Kumanzere tikuwona chiwanda chikulasa wochimwa ndi katatu. Imaoneka ngati ntchentche yopanda mapiko, nyanga imodzi ndi mlomo wa mbalame.

Mwina ndi zojambula izi zomwe zidalimbikitsa Bosch kupanga "Gehena" yake.

Werengani za ziwanda zosangalatsa kwambiri za Bosch kuchokera ku Munda wa Zosangalatsa Zapadziko Lapansi m'nkhaniyi "Zinyama zofunika kwambiri pachithunzichi."

4. Kodi chizindikiro cha pa mipeni yayikulu ku Gahena ndi chiyani?

Ku Gahena la Bosch, tikuwona mipeni ikuluikulu ingapo. Pa nthawi ya wojambulayo, mipeni sinagwiritsidwe ntchito kukhitchini kokha, komanso kulanga akuba. Iwo anadula makutu awo. Choncho, n'zosadabwitsa kuti mipeni ilipo ku Gahena ndi makutu akuluakulu kuti ayambe.

Koma ndi chizindikiro chanji chomwe chili pamipeni iyi kapena chilembo "M" kapena "B"?

M'zaka za m'ma 15 ndi 16, mipeni inapangidwa m'tawuni ya Hertongenbosch ya ojambula, yomwe inagulitsidwanso kunja kwa Holland. Chifukwa chake, adatumizidwa ku Spain ndi Scandinavia. Mipeni imeneyi inali ndi chizindikiro.

Choncho, ndikhoza kuganiza kuti ndi chilembo "B", monga chilembo choyamba cha dzina lachidule la mzindawo. Chizindikiro ichi pa mpeni chimapezekanso mu ntchito zina za Bosch, mwachitsanzo, pajambula "Chiweruzo Chomaliza".

5. Chinsinsi chachikulu cha zojambula za Bosch: chifukwa chiyani zili ndi zambiri?

Aliyense amene wawona zojambula za Bosch amakhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa tsatanetsatane wa ntchito yake. Alipo ambiri moti akungozunguza mutu.

Bosch anali wojambula wanthawi yake ndipo mwachibadwa adagonja ku chikoka chake. Ndipo mu nthawi yake zinali chizolowezi kujambula chilichonse.

Ndikokwanira kuti mutsegule bukhu lililonse kuyambira nthawi ya Bosch kuti mukhale otsimikiza za kulamulira kwa kalembedwe kameneka kudzera mu kujambula zambiri.

Nawa masamba awiri okha kuchokera ku Hours of Anne waku Brittany.

Zithunzi za m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages zinali zofanana ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane. Tikukhulupirira zimenezi mwa kupenda ntchito ya Jan van Eyck ndi Robert Kampen. Ndinalemba za kujambula kwa "Barbara Woyera" womalizayo mwatsatanetsatane m'nkhaniyo "Zojambula 7 za Museum of Prado zomwe muyenera kuziwona".

Ntchito ya Bosch sinali yachilendo komanso yachilendo kwa anthu a m'nthawi yake. Ndipo ojambula ena a nthawi yake adagwiritsa ntchito zambiri zambiri, zizindikiro ndi zolengedwa zosadziwika mu ntchito zawo.

Ngakhale kuti Bosch adatenga zambiri kuchokera kwa am'nthawi yake ndikuzisamutsira ku zojambula zake, munthu ayenera kupereka ulemu kwa luso lake. Komabe, iye ali mbuye wosayerekezeka m’mafanizo ndi miyambi, ngakhale m’nthaŵi yake.

Pazojambula za Bosch "Garden of Earthly Delights" werenganinso nkhaniyi:

 “Zinsinsi 7 Zosaneneka za Munda wa Zosangalatsa Zapadziko Lapansi”

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Comments owerenga ena Onani pansipa. Nthawi zambiri amakhala abwino kuwonjezera pa nkhani. Mukhozanso kugawana maganizo anu ponena za kujambula ndi wojambula, komanso kufunsa wolemba funso.