American Artists. 7 ambuye omwe adadabwitsa dziko lapansi

Ojambula aku America ndi osiyanasiyana kwambiri. Winawake anali wodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi, monga Sargent. Iye ndi waku America kochokera, koma wakhala ku London ndi Paris pafupifupi moyo wake wonse wachikulire.

Palinso anthu aku America enieni pakati pawo, omwe amawonetsa moyo wa anzawo okha, monga Rockwell.

Ndipo pali ojambula ochokera kudziko lino, monga Pollock. Kapena omwe luso lawo lakhala chinthu cha anthu ogula. Izi, ndithudi, ndi za Warhol.

Komabe, onse ndi Achimereka. Wokonda ufulu, wolimba mtima, wowala. Werengani za zisanu ndi ziwiri za izo pansipa.

1. James Whistler (1834-1903)

Whistler sangatchulidwe kuti ndi waku America weniweni. Atakula, ankakhala ku Ulaya. Ndipo iye anakhala ubwana wake konse ... mu Russia. Bambo ake anamanga njanji ku St.

Kumeneko ndi kumene mnyamata James adakondana ndi luso, akuyendera Hermitage ndi Peterhof chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwa abambo ake (ndiye iwo anali adakali nyumba zachifumu zotsekedwa kwa anthu).

Chifukwa chiyani Whistler ndi wotchuka? M'kalembedwe kalikonse komwe angapente, kuchokera ku zenizeni mpaka ku tonalism *, amatha kuzindikirika mwachangu ndi mbali ziwiri. Mitundu yachilendo ndi mayina anyimbo.

Zina mwazithunzi zake ndizotsanzira ambuye akale. Mwachitsanzo, chithunzi chake chodziwika bwino "Amayi a Artist".

Wojambulayo wapanga ntchito zodabwitsa pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yochokera ku imvi yowala mpaka imvi yakuda. Ndipo ena achikasu.

Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti Whistler ankakonda mitundu yotereyi. Anali munthu wodabwitsa. Akhoza kuwonekera mosavuta pakati pa anthu mu masokosi achikasu ndi ambulera yowala. Ndipo apa ndi pamene amuna ankavala zakuda ndi zotuwa basi.

Amakhalanso ndi ntchito zopepuka kuposa "Amayi". Mwachitsanzo, Symphony mu White. Kotero chithunzicho chinaitanidwa ndi mmodzi mwa atolankhani pachiwonetserocho. Whistler anakonda lingalirolo. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, adayitana pafupifupi ntchito zake zonse mwanjira yoimba.

Koma kenako, mu 1862, anthu sanakonde Symphony. Apanso, chifukwa cha machitidwe amtundu wa Whistler. Zinkawoneka zachilendo kwa anthu kulemba mkazi woyera pa maziko oyera.

Pachithunzichi tikuwona mbuye wa tsitsi lofiira wa Whistler. Kwambiri mu mzimu wa Pre-Raphaelites. Ndipotu, wojambulayo anali bwenzi ndi mmodzi wa oyambitsa chachikulu Pre-Raphaelism, Gabriel Rossetti. Kukongola, maluwa, zinthu zachilendo (khungu la nkhandwe). Zonse zili momwe ziyenera kukhalira.

Koma Whistler mwamsanga anachoka ku Pre-Raphaelism. Popeza sikunali kukongola kwakunja komwe kunali kofunika kwa iye, koma maganizo ndi malingaliro. Ndipo adalenga njira yatsopano - tonalism.

Mawonekedwe ake ausiku mumayendedwe a tonalism amawoneka ngati nyimbo. Monochrome, viscous.

Whistler mwiniwake adanena kuti mayina oimba amathandizira kuyang'ana chithunzicho, mizere ndi mtundu. Nthawi yomweyo, osaganizira za malowo komanso anthu omwe akuwonetsedwa.

Tonalism, komanso pafupi ndi izo chidwi, chapakati pa zaka za m’ma 19, anthu nawonso sanachite chidwi. Kutali kwambiri ndi zenizeni zodziwika panthawiyo.

Koma Whistler adzakhala ndi nthawi yodikirira kuti azindikiridwe. Pofika kumapeto kwa moyo wake, ntchito yake idzagulidwa mwakufuna kwake.

2. Mary Cassatt (1844-1926)

Mary Cassatt anabadwira m'banja lolemera. Akhoza kukhala moyo wopanda nkhawa. Kwamba ndi kukhala ndi ana. Koma anasankha njira ina. Atadzipatsa lumbiro la umbeta chifukwa chojambula.

Anali bwenzi lake Edgar Degas. Zafika Lachitatu owonetsa chidwi, kutengeka nthawi zonse ndi malangizo awa. Ndipo "Girl in a Blue Armchair" ndiye ntchito yoyamba yowoneka bwino yomwe anthu adawona.

Koma palibe amene anakondadi chithunzicho. M’zaka za m’ma 19, ana ankasonyezedwa ngati angelo okhala momvera, okhala ndi mapingo opiringizika ndi masaya otuwa. Ndipo apa pali mwana yemwe ali wotopa kwambiri, atakhala momasuka kwambiri.

Koma anali Mary Cassatt, amene sanakhalepo ndi ana ake omwe, amene anali pafupifupi woyamba kuwasonyeza iwo mwachibadwa monga iwo aliri.

Panthawi imeneyo, Cassatt anali ndi "cholakwika" chachikulu. Iye anali mkazi. Sakanatha kupita yekha ku paki kukajambula kuchokera ku chilengedwe. Makamaka kupita ku cafe komwe ojambula ena adasonkhana. Amuna onse! Kodi chinamtsalira chiyani?

Lembani maphwando a tiyi aakazi onyada m'zipinda zochezera zokhala ndi zoyatsira moto za nsangalabwi ndi tiyi wamtengo wapatali. Moyo umayesedwa komanso wotopetsa kosatha.

Mary Cassatt sanadikire kuti azindikiridwe. Poyamba, adakanidwa chifukwa cha chidwi chake komanso zojambula zosamalizidwa. Ndiye, kale m'zaka za zana la 20, inali "yachikale" kwambiri, popeza Art Nouveau anali mu mafashoni (Klimtndi Fauvism (Matisse).

Koma anakhalabe wokhulupirika ku kalembedwe kake mpaka mapeto. Impressionism. Zofewa za pastel. Amayi omwe ali ndi ana.

Chifukwa chojambula, Cassatt anasiya umayi. Koma ukazi wake unkawoneka bwino kwambiri m'mabuku osakhwima monga Sleeping Child. N'zomvetsa chisoni kuti gulu losunga mwambo linamuika patsogolo pa chisankho chotero.

3. John Sargent (1856-1925)

John Sargent anali wotsimikiza kuti adzakhala wojambula zithunzi moyo wake wonse. Ntchito inali kuyenda bwino. Olemekezeka anaima pamzere kuti amulamulire.

Koma kamodzi wojambula anawoloka mzere mu maganizo a anthu. Tsopano n'zovuta kuti timvetse zomwe ziri zosavomerezeka mu filimu "Madame X".

Zowona, mu Baibulo loyambirira, heroine analibe imodzi mwa bralettes yomwe inasiyidwa. Sargent "anamulera", koma izi sizinathandize mlanduwo. Malamulo apita pachabe.

Ndi zonyansa ziti zomwe anthu adawona? Ndipo kuti Sargent adawonetsera chitsanzocho modzidalira mopambanitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, khungu lowoneka bwino komanso khutu la pinki ndizomveka bwino.

Chithunzicho, titero, chimati mkazi uyu yemwe ali ndi chiwerewere chochulukirapo sadana ndi kuvomereza chibwenzi ndi amuna ena. Komanso, kukhala wokondwa.

Tsoka ilo, kuseri kwa chipongwechi, anthu a m’nthaŵiyo sanawone mwaluso kwambiri. Chovala chamdima, khungu lowala, mawonekedwe amphamvu - kuphatikiza kosavuta komwe kungapezeke ndi ambuye aluso kwambiri.

Koma palibe choipa popanda chabwino. Sargent adalandiranso ufulu. Iye anayamba kuyesa kwambiri ndi impressionism. Lembani ana zomwe zikuchitika posachedwa. Umu ndi momwe ntchito "Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose" inawonekera.

Sargent ankafuna kutenga mphindi inayake yamadzulo. Kotero ine ndinkangogwira ntchito 2 mphindi patsiku pamene kuyatsa kunali koyenera. Ntchito m'chilimwe ndi autumn. Ndipo maluŵawo akafota, ankawaika m’malo mwa maluwa ochita kupanga.

M'zaka zaposachedwa, Sargent adalowa mu kukoma kwaufulu kotero kuti adayamba kusiyiratu zithunzi. Ngakhale mbiri yake yabwezeretsedwa kale. Mpaka anathamangitsa kasitomala wina mwamwano, ponena kuti apenta geti lake mosangalala kuposa nkhope yake.

Anthu a m'nthawi yake ankachitira Sargent mwachipongwe. Poganizira zachikale mu nthawi ya modernism. Koma nthawi imayika zonse m'malo mwake.

Tsopano ntchito yake ndi yofunika kwambiri kuposa ntchito ya modernists otchuka kwambiri. Chabwino, tisalole chikondi cha anthu ndipo musanene kanthu. Ziwonetsero ndi ntchito zake nthawi zonse zimagulitsidwa.

4. Norman Rockwell (1894-1978)

Ndizovuta kulingalira wojambula wotchuka kwambiri panthawi ya moyo wake kuposa Norman Rockwell. Mibadwo ingapo ya Achimereka inakula pa mafanizo ake. Kuwakonda ndi mtima wanga wonse.

Kupatula apo, Rockwell amawonetsa anthu wamba aku America. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo kusonyeza miyoyo yawo kuchokera mbali zabwino kwambiri. Rockwell sanafune kuwonetsa abambo oyipa kapena amayi opanda chidwi. Ndipo simudzakumana ndi ana osakondwa naye.

Ntchito zake ndizodzaza ndi nthabwala, mitundu yowutsa mudyo komanso mawu ojambulidwa mwaluso kwambiri m'moyo.

Koma ndi chinyengo kuti ntchitoyo inaperekedwa kwa Rockwell mosavuta. Kuti apange chithunzi chimodzi, choyamba ankajambula zithunzi zokwana zana limodzi ndi zitsanzo zake kuti ajambule manja oyenerera.

Ntchito ya Rockwell yakhudza kwambiri malingaliro a anthu mamiliyoni aku America. Ndipotu nthawi zambiri ankalankhula mothandizidwa ndi zojambula zake.

Pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, iye anaganiza zosonyeza zimene asilikali a m’dziko lake ankamenyera nkhondo. Kupanga, mwa zina, kujambula "Ufulu ku Want". Mu mawonekedwe a Thanksgiving, omwe mamembala onse a m'banja, odyetsedwa bwino komanso okhutira, amasangalala ndi tchuthi la banja.

Pambuyo pa zaka 50 pa Loweruka Evening Post, Rockwell anasamukira ku magazini ya Look ya demokarasi, komwe adatha kufotokoza maganizo ake pazochitika za anthu.

Ntchito yowala kwambiri pazaka zimenezo ndi "Vuto lomwe Timakhala nalo".

Iyi ndi nkhani yoona ya mtsikana wakuda yemwe anapita kusukulu ya azungu. Popeza lamulo linakhazikitsidwa loti anthu (ndiponso mabungwe a maphunziro) asagawidwenso motsatira mafuko.

Koma mkwiyo wa okhalamowo unalibe malire. Popita kusukulu, mtsikanayo ankamulondera apolisi. Nayi mphindi "yokhazikika" ndikuwonetsa Rockwell.

Ngati mukufuna kudziwa moyo wa Achimereka mu kuwala kokongoletsedwa pang'ono (monga momwe iwo amafunira kuwona), onetsetsani kuti muyang'ane zojambula za Rockwell.

Mwinamwake, mwa ojambula onse omwe ali m'nkhaniyi, Rockwell ndi wojambula kwambiri wa ku America.

5. Andrew Wyeth (1917-2009)

Mosiyana ndi Rockwell, Wyeth sanali wabwino. Popeza anali wodzipatula mwachibadwa, sanafune kukongoletsa chilichonse. M'malo mwake, adawonetsa malo wamba ndi zinthu zosadabwitsa. Munda wa tirigu basi, nyumba yamatabwa chabe. Koma anatha kupenyerera mwa iwo chinachake chamatsenga.

Ntchito yake yotchuka kwambiri ndi Christina's World. Wyeth adawonetsa tsogolo la mkazi wina, mnansi wake. Popeza anali wolumala kuyambira ali mwana, anakwawa kuzungulira malo ozungulira famu yake.

Kotero palibe chikondi pachithunzichi, monga momwe zingawonekere poyamba. Mukayang'anitsitsa, ndiye kuti mkaziyo ali ndi kuwonda kowawa. Ndipo podziwa kuti miyendo ya heroine ndi olumala, mumamvetsa chisoni kuti iye akadali kutali ndi kwawo.

Poyamba, Wyeth adalemba zodziwika kwambiri. Pano pali zenera lakale la nyumba yakale. Chophimba chonyezimira chomwe chayamba kale kusanduka ming'alu. Kunja kwa zenera kumadetsa nkhalango.

Koma pali chinsinsi mu zonsezi. Kuwoneka kwina.

Choncho ana amatha kuyang'ana dziko ndi maonekedwe osayang'ana. Momwemonso Wyatt. Ndipo ife tiri naye.

Nkhani zonse za Wyeth zinkasamalidwa ndi mkazi wake. Anali wolinganiza bwino. Ndi iye amene adalumikizana ndi museums ndi osonkhanitsa.

Panalibe chikondi chochepa muubwenzi wawo. Nyimbo zimayenera kuwonekera. Ndipo iye anakhala wophweka, koma ndi maonekedwe odabwitsa Helga. Izi ndi zomwe timawona mu ntchito zambiri.

Zingawoneke kuti tikuwona chithunzi chokha cha mkazi. Koma pazifukwa zina, n’kovuta kulisiya. Maso ake ndi ovuta kwambiri, mapewa ake amanjenjemera. Ife, titero, tikulimbana naye mkati mwake. Kuvutikira kupeza kufotokozera za kusamvana uku.

Kuwonetsa zenizeni mwatsatanetsatane, Wyeth adamupatsa zamatsenga zomwe sizingasiyane.

Wojambulayo sanazindikiridwe kwa nthawi yayitali. Ndi zenizeni zake, ngakhale zamatsenga, sanagwirizane ndi zochitika zamakono za m'zaka za zana la 20.

Pamene ogwira ntchito mumyuziyamu adagula ntchito zake, adayesa kuchita mwakachetechete, popanda kukopa chidwi. Ziwonetsero sizinapangidwe kawirikawiri. Koma kwa kaduka amakono, iwo nthawizonse akhala opambana kwambiri. Anthu anabwera mwaunyinji. Ndipo iwo amabwerabe.

Werengani za wojambulayo ndi nkhaniyi Dziko la Christine. Mwaluso wa Andrew Wyeth."

6. Jackson Pollock (1912-1956)

Jackson Pollock ndizosatheka kunyalanyaza. Anadutsa mzere wina muzojambula, pambuyo pake kujambula sikungakhale kofanana. Anasonyeza kuti muzojambula, kawirikawiri, mungathe kuchita popanda malire. Pamene ndinayika chinsalu pansi ndikuchiwaza ndi utoto.

Ndipo wojambula waku America uyu adayamba ndi abstractionism, momwe fanizoli limatha kutsatiridwa. Mu ntchito yake ya m'ma 40 "Shorthand Figure" tikuwona ndondomeko ya nkhope ndi manja. Ndipo ngakhale zomveka kwa ife zizindikiro mu mawonekedwe a mitanda ndi ziro.

Ntchito yake inayamikiridwa, koma sanafulumire kugula. Anali wosauka ngati mbewa yakutchalitchi. Ndipo adamwa mopanda manyazi. Ngakhale kuti munali banja losangalala. Mkazi wake ankasilira luso lake ndipo anachita zonse kuti mwamuna wake apambane.

Koma Pollock poyamba anali umunthu wosweka. Kuyambira ali mwana, zochita zake zinali zoonekeratu kuti imfa yake inali tsogolo lake.

Kusweka kumeneku kudzachititsa kuti afe ali ndi zaka 44. Koma adzakhala ndi nthawi yosintha zaluso ndikukhala wotchuka.

Ndipo anachita izo mu nthawi ya zaka ziwiri za kudziletsa. Anatha kugwira ntchito bwino mu 1950-1952. Iye anayesa kwa nthawi yaitali mpaka anafika njira drip.

Kuyika chinsalu chachikulu pansi pa shedi yake, adayenda mozungulira, kukhala, titero, pa chithunzicho. Ndipo kupopera kapena kungothira utoto.

Zojambula zachilendo izi zinayamba kugulidwa kwa iye mofunitsitsa chifukwa cha chiyambi chawo chodabwitsa komanso zachilendo.

Pollock adadzidzimuka ndi kutchuka ndipo adagwa m'maganizo, osamvetsetsa komwe angapite. Kusakaniza koopsa kwa mowa ndi kuvutika maganizo kunamusiya wopanda mwayi wopulumuka. Nthawi ina anafika kumbuyo kwa gudumu ataledzera kwambiri. Nthawi yomaliza.

7. Andy Warhol (1928-1987)

Pokhapokha m'dziko lomwe lili ndi chipembedzo chotere, monga ku America, luso la pop lingabadwire. Ndipo woyambitsa wake wamkulu anali, ndithudi, Andy Warhol.

Anakhala wotchuka chifukwa chotenga zinthu wamba kwambiri ndikuzisandutsa ntchito yojambula. Izi n’zimene zinachitikira chitini cha supu cha Campbell.

Kusankha sikunangochitika mwangozi. Amayi a Warhol adadyetsa mwana wawo supu iyi tsiku lililonse kwa zaka zopitilira 20. Ngakhale atasamukira ku New York ndikupita ndi amayi ake.

Pambuyo pa kuyesaku, Warhol adachita chidwi ndi kusindikiza pazithunzi. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, watenga zithunzi za nyenyezi za pop ndi kuzijambula mumitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Umu ndi momwe wojambula wake wotchuka Marilyn Monroe adawonekera.

Mitundu yambirimbiri yamitundu yotere ya Marilyn acid idapangidwa. Art Warhol yayamba kutchuka. Monga momwe zimayembekezeredwa m'gulu la ogula.

Nkhope zojambulidwa zidapangidwa ndi Warhol pazifukwa. Ndipo kachiwiri, osati popanda chikoka cha amayi. Ali mwana, mwana wake atadwala kwa nthawi yayitali, adamukokera mapaketi a mabuku opaka utoto.

Zosangalatsa zaubwana izi zidakula kukhala chinthu chomwe chidakhala khadi yake yoyimbira ndikumupangitsa kukhala wolemera kwambiri.

Iye ankajambula osati nyenyezi za pop zokha, komanso zojambulajambula za akale ake. Ndamva ndipo "Venus" Botticelli.

Venus, monga Marilyn, wachita zambiri. Kudzipatula kwa ntchito zaluso "kufufutidwa" ndi Warhol kukhala ufa. Chifukwa chiyani wojambulayo adachita izi?

Kulengeza zaluso zakale? Kapena, mosiyana, kuyesa kuwachepetsa? Kuti musafalitse nyenyezi za pop? Kapena kununkhiza imfa ndi chipongwe?

Ntchito zake zojambula za Madonna, Elvis Presley kapena Lenin nthawi zina zimadziwika kwambiri kuposa zithunzi zoyambirira.

Koma mwaluso kwambiri sangasokonezedwe. Komabe, "Venus" yoyambirira imakhalabe yamtengo wapatali.

Warhol anali wokonda kwambiri phwando, akukopa anthu ambiri othamangitsidwa. Omwerekera ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zisudzo zolephera kapena umunthu wopanda malire. Mmodzi mwa iwo nthawi ina anamuwombera.

Warhol anapulumuka. Koma patapita zaka 20, chifukwa cha zotsatira za chilonda chimene anadwalapo, anamwalira ali yekha m’nyumba mwake.

US melting pot

Ngakhale mbiri yaifupi ya zojambula zaku America, mitunduyi ndi yayikulu. Pakati pa akatswiri aku America pali Impressionists (Sargent), ndi amatsenga realists (Wyeth), ndi abstract expressionists (Pollock), ndi apainiya a pop art (Warhol).

Chabwino, Achimereka amakonda ufulu wosankha m'chilichonse. Mazana a zipembedzo. Mazana a mafuko. Mazana a mayendedwe aluso. Ndicho chifukwa chake iye ndi poto wosungunuka wa United States of America.

* Tonalism - mawonekedwe a monochrome a imvi, buluu kapena zofiirira, pamene chithunzicho chimakhala ngati chifunga. Tonalism imatengedwa ngati mphukira ya impressionism, chifukwa imapereka chithunzithunzi cha wojambula pa zomwe adawona.

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